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Cellular Respiration: This is the metabolic process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and releasing, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Photosynthesis: This is the process used by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy, through a process that uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Mitosis: This is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of the process of ordinary tissue growth. It involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Meiosis: This is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half to produce four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division: meiosis I and meiosis II.

DNA Replication: This is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This is essential for cell division during growth and repair of damaged tissues. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each strand as a template for a new strand.