Identify and describe the functions of flower parts I-VII, state the type of pollination, and explain two advantages.

Here are the answers to questions 4 and 5:

Question 4:

a) Name the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII.

• I: Anther
• II: Filament
• III: Stigma
• IV: Petal
• V: Ovary
• VI: Sepal
• VII: Style

b) Give one (1) function each of the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII.

• I (Anther): Produces and contains pollen grains.
• II (Filament): Supports the anther to hold it in position for pollen dispersal.
• III (Stigma): Receives pollen during pollination.
• IV (Petal): Attracts pollinators (e.g., insects) with its color, shape, and scent.
• V (Ovary): Contains ovules and develops into the fruit after fertilization.
• VI (Sepal): Protects the flower bud before it opens.
• VII (Style): Connects the stigma to the ovary and provides a pathway for pollen tubes.

c) State one (1) type by which the flower is pollinated.

• Insect pollination (or entomophily)

d) Describe two (2) advantages to the type of pollination stated in (c) above.

• Targeted pollen transfer: Insects can carry pollen directly from one flower to another of the same species, making the process more efficient than wind pollination.
• Less pollen wastage: Because pollen transfer is more targeted, less pollen is needed compared to wind pollination, which relies on chance.

Question 5:

a) i) List two (2) types of animal parasites.

• Tapeworm
• Fleas

a) ii) State three (3) economic importance of the grasshopper.

• Crop damage: Grasshoppers can cause significant damage to agricultural crops, leading to reduced yields and economic losses for farmers.
• Food source: They serve as a food source for various animals, including birds, reptiles, and some human cultures, contributing to local economies.
• Pest control costs: The need to control grasshopper infestations leads to expenses for pesticides and other pest management strategies.

b) i) State the law of floatation.
The Law of Floatation states that a floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight.

b) ii) Explain how a submarine operates.
A submarine operates by controlling its buoyancy. It has ballast tanks that can be filled with water (to increase its overall density and make it sink) or emptied of water and filled with compressed air (to decrease its overall density and make it float or rise). By adjusting the amount of water in these tanks, the submarine can control its depth.

c) i) State three (3) ways of preventing dental decay.

• Brushing teeth regularly (at least twice a day) with fluoride toothpaste.
• Limiting the consumption of sugary foods and drinks.
• Regular dental check-ups and professional cleaning.

c) ii) State one (1) cause each of:
$\alpha$) Constipation * Lack of dietary fiber $\beta$) Indigestion * Eating too quickly or consuming fatty/spicy foods

d) i) What is an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, combined to create a new substance with properties different from its constituent elements.

d) ii) Name the main elements present in each of the following:
$\alpha$) Bronze: Copper and Tin
$\beta$) Nichrome: Nickel and Chromium
$\gamma$) Duralumin: Aluminium, Copper, Magnesium, and Manganese