Identify the labelled parts (P, Q, R, S) of the digestive system and describe the functions of R and S, including the effects of liver ailments.

a)
P: Oesophagus
Q: Stomach

b)
The part labelled R is the pancreas. Its functions in digestion include:

• Producing pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes such as amylase (for carbohydrates), lipase (for fats), and proteases (for proteins).
• Secreting bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach, providing an optimal pH for intestinal enzymes.

c)
The part labelled S is the liver. Two functions in digestion are:

• Producing bile, which emulsifies fats in the small intestine, breaking them into smaller droplets for easier digestion by lipase.
• Processing absorbed nutrients from the small intestine, such as converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage.

d)
The part labelled S is the liver. Two effects of common liver ailments (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis) on the human body are:

• Jaundice: The liver's inability to process bilirubin leads to its accumulation in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and eyes.
• Impaired detoxification: The liver's reduced ability to break down and remove toxins from the blood can lead to a buildup of harmful substances, affecting brain function and overall health.