1. c) iii) The correct biological term used to describe cell A (which was placed in a hypertonic solution and likely shrunk) is crenated. iv) If a red blood cell was placed in the solution in which cell A was placed (a hypertonic solution), water would move out of the red blood cell by osmosis. This would cause the red blood cell to shrink and become crenated. 2. a) i) Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize food substances for growth, metabolism, and repair. ii) The importance of nutrition includes providing energy for life processes, supplying raw materials for growth and repair of tissues, and maintaining overall health and immunity. 2. b) i) Autotrophism: A mode of nutrition where organisms produce their own food from simple inorganic substances, typically using light energy (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis). ii) Heterotrophism: A mode of nutrition where organisms obtain food by consuming other organisms or organic matter, as they cannot synthesize their own food. 3. The importance of photosynthesis is that it converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, which serves as the primary energy source for most life on Earth. It also releases oxygen into the atmosphere, which is essential for aerobic respiration in many organisms. 4. a) i) The transport structures of a flowering plant are the xylem and phloem. ii) Xylem vessels are adapted to their function in several ways: • They are hollow tubes with no cross-walls, forming a continuous pipeline for water flow. • Their walls are lignified, providing structural support and preventing collapse under tension. • They have pits that allow lateral movement of water between adjacent vessels. 5. i) Transpiration is the process by which water vapor is lost from the aerial parts of a plant, primarily through the stomata in the leaves, to the atmosphere. 5. ii) The sites through which transpiration takes place in a plant are primarily the stomata on leaves, but also through the lenticels on stems and the cuticle of leaves. 6. a) A counter-current flow system is a mechanism involving two fluids flowing in opposite directions, designed to maximize the rate of exchange of a substance (e.g., heat, oxygen, ions) between them. 6. b) The advantage of a counter-current flow system is that it maintains a steep concentration gradient (or temperature gradient) along the entire length of the exchange surface, allowing for a much more efficient transfer of substances compared to a concurrent (parallel) flow system. 7. i) Aerobic respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in the presence of oxygen, where glucose is completely broken down to produce a large amount of ATP (energy), carbon dioxide, and water. 7. ii) Accumulation of lactic acid during vigorous exercise leads to an increase in heart rate because lactic acid lowers the pH of the blood, making it more acidic. This change in pH is detected by chemoreceptors, which signal the brain to increase heart rate and breathing rate to deliver more oxygen to muscles and remove carbon dioxide and lactic acid more quickly.