Which of the following is a characteristic of intermittent claudication caused by peripheral vascular disease?

28. The correct answer is B. Step 1: Claudication is a symptom of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) characterized by pain in the legs during exercise due to insufficient blood flow. Step 2: This pain occurs when the oxygen demand of the working muscles exceeds the oxygen supply delivered by the compromised arteries. Step 3: Therefore, nursing care should be directed at avoiding situations where oxygen demand by the muscle exceeds the supply, as this is what causes the claudication symptoms. 29. The correct answer is B. Step 1: Aging is a significant risk factor for the development of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Step 2: With age, blood vessels, particularly arteries, tend to stiffen and accumulate atherosclerotic plaques, which narrow the lumen of the vessels. Step 3: This narrowing and stiffening directly lead to an increased resistance* to blood flow, contributing to PVD. 30. The correct answer is A. Step 1: Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is characterized by narrowed arteries, which restrict blood flow to the limbs. Step 2: When a client with PVD walks, their leg muscles require more oxygen. However, the decreased blood flow* due to the narrowed arteries cannot meet this increased demand. Step 3: This oxygen deficit (ischemia) is the main characteristic that causes the leg pain, known as claudication, during walking. 31. The correct answer is B. Step 1: In clients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and heart failure, low tolerance for exercise is a common issue. Step 2: This low tolerance is primarily due to the inability of the compromised cardiovascular system (both heart and peripheral arteries) to deliver an adequate supply of oxygenated blood to the working muscles. Step 3: Therefore, the plan of care related to low exercise tolerance is based on the fact that the client experiences decreased blood flow* to the muscles during activity. 32. The correct answer is D. Step 1: Bilateral ankle edema, especially in a client with peripheral vascular disease (PVD), often indicates an issue with venous return or fluid balance. Step 2: Increased venous pressure* in the lower extremities causes fluid to be pushed out of the capillaries into the interstitial spaces, leading to swelling or edema. Step 3: This can be due to venous insufficiency, right-sided heart failure, or other conditions that impede venous return and increase pressure in the veins. 33. The correct answer is A. Step 1: Risk factors for atherosclerosis are categorized as modifiable (can be changed) or non-modifiable (cannot be changed). Step 2: Diabetes, dietary preferences, and exercise level are all modifiable* risk factors, meaning a client can take steps to change them to reduce their risk. Step 3: Age* is a non-modifiable risk factor; it is a physiological process that cannot be altered. Send me the next one 📸