Prepare a list of non-communicable diseases that are finding in your community. Present your list in the class and make a discussion for the prevention.

Here are the answers to the questions:

Short Answer Questions:

2. Name the types of diseases.

   • The two main types of diseases are communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases.

3. Define non-communicable disease.

   • Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic conditions that are not transmitted from person to person.

4. Name the animals and insect that can transmit the diseases.

   • Animals: Dogs (rabies), Rats (plague).
   • Insects: Mosquitoes (malaria, dengue), Sandflies (Kala-azar), Flies (typhoid).

5. What is Kala-azar? Write.

   • Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is a severe parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites, transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies.

6. Write the mode of transmission of malaria.

   • Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.

7. What is rabies? Define.

   • Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, primarily transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually via a bite.

8. What is non-communicable disease?

   • Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic conditions that are not spread from person to person and are often long-lasting, resulting from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors.

9. List the causes of non-communicable disease.

   • Causes include unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, and environmental pollution.

Long Answer Questions:

1. What are the modes of transmission of the diseases?

   • Diseases can be transmitted through various modes:
     • Direct contact: Such as skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, or droplet spread from coughing and sneezing.
     • Indirect contact: Involving contaminated objects (fomites), airborne particles, vector-borne transmission (via insects or animals), or through contaminated food and water.
     • Vertical transmission: From a mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

2. Explain the preventive measures to control the diseases that transmit through direct contact.

   • Preventive measures for diseases transmitted through direct contact include:
     • Practicing frequent handwashing with soap and water.
     • Avoiding close physical contact with individuals who are sick.
     • Practicing safe sex to prevent sexually transmitted infections.
     • Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the elbow to prevent droplet spread.
     • Ensuring vaccination against specific diseases where available.

3. What are the symptoms of Kala-azar?

   • Symptoms of Kala-azar typically include:
     • Prolonged and irregular fever.
     • Significant weight loss.
     • Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly).
     • Anemia, leading to paleness and fatigue.
     • Darkening of the skin in some cases, which gives the disease its name ("black fever").

4. Write the preventive measures of Kala-azar.

   • Preventive measures for Kala-azar include:
     • Vector control: Using insecticides, insecticide-treated bed nets, and repellents to protect against sandfly bites.
     • Early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals to reduce the parasite reservoir in the community.
     • Environmental management: Clearing vegetation and debris around homes to reduce sandfly breeding sites.
     • Personal protection: Wearing long-sleeved clothing and trousers, especially from dusk to dawn when sandflies are most active.

5. What are the symptoms of malaria?

   • Symptoms of malaria typically include:
     • Fever, often characterized by cyclical episodes of chills, high fever, and profuse sweating.
     • Headache and muscle aches.
     • Fatigue and general malaise.
     • Nausea and vomiting.
     • In severe cases, symptoms can progress to anemia, jaundice, seizures, and coma.

6. Write the preventive methods of malaria in points.

   • Preventive methods of malaria include:
     • Using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) while sleeping.
     • Implementing indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides in homes.
     • Taking antimalarial drugs for prophylaxis when traveling to malaria-endemic areas.
     • Eliminating mosquito breeding sites by draining stagnant water and proper waste management.
     • Wearing protective clothing and using insect repellents when outdoors, especially during peak mosquito activity.

7. Tell the symptoms of rabies.

   • Symptoms of rabies in humans typically progress in stages:
     • Early symptoms: Fever, headache, general weakness, and discomfort or tingling at the site of the bite.
     • Later symptoms: Hydrophobia (fear of water), aerophobia (fear of fresh air), hallucinations, agitation, paralysis, and eventually coma and death.

8. What are the preventive methods of rabies?

   • Preventive methods of rabies include:
     • Vaccinating domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, against rabies.
     • Avoiding contact with wild animals that may carry the virus.
     • Administering post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for humans after potential exposure, which involves thorough wound cleaning, a series of rabies vaccines, and rabies immunoglobulin.
     • Implementing public awareness campaigns to educate people about rabies prevention and what to do if bitten by an animal.

9. Write the preventive measures of non-communicable disease.

   • Preventive measures for non-communicable diseases include:
     • Adopting a healthy and balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, while limiting processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats.
     • Engaging in regular physical activity for at least 30 minutes most days of the week.
     • Avoiding tobacco use in all forms and limiting alcohol consumption.
     • Maintaining a healthy body weight through diet and exercise.
     • Undergoing regular health screenings for early detection and management of risk factors like high blood pressure or diabetes.

10. Write the symptoms of common cold.

    • Symptoms of common cold typically include:
      • Runny or stuffy nose.
      • Sore throat.
      • Cough and sneezing.
      • Mild body aches or headache.
      • Sometimes a low-grade fever.
      • General feeling of malaise or fatigue.

11. What are the preventive methods of common cold?

    • Preventive methods for common cold include:
      • Frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching public surfaces.
      • Avoiding touching the face (eyes, nose, mouth) to prevent germ transfer.
      • Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick.
      • Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces in homes and workplaces.
      • Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with adequate sleep, a balanced diet, and regular exercise to support the immune system.