Prepare a list of non-communicable diseases that are finding in your community. Present your list in the class and make a discussion for the prevention.

Here are the answers to the questions: Short Answer Questions: 2. Name the types of diseases. The two main types of diseases are communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases*. 3. Define non-communicable disease. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic conditions that are not transmitted* from person to person. 4. Name the animals and insect that can transmit the diseases. Animals: Dogs (rabies), Rats* (plague). Insects: Mosquitoes (malaria, dengue), Sandflies (Kala-azar), Flies* (typhoid). 5. What is Kala-azar? Write. Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is a severe parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites, transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies*. 6. Write the mode of transmission of malaria. Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito*. 7. What is rabies? Define. Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, primarily transmitted through the saliva of infected animals*, usually via a bite. 8. What is non-communicable disease? Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic conditions that are not spread* from person to person and are often long-lasting, resulting from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. 9. List the causes of non-communicable disease. Causes include unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, and environmental pollution*. Long Answer Questions: 1. What are the modes of transmission of the diseases? Diseases can be transmitted through various modes: • Direct contact: Such as skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, or droplet spread from coughing and sneezing. • Indirect contact: Involving contaminated objects (fomites), airborne particles, vector-borne transmission (via insects or animals), or through contaminated food and water. • Vertical transmission: From a mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. 2. Explain the preventive measures to control the diseases that transmit through direct contact. Preventive measures for diseases transmitted through direct contact include: • Practicing frequent handwashing with soap and water. • Avoiding close physical contact with individuals who are sick. • Practicing safe sex to prevent sexually transmitted infections. • Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the elbow to prevent droplet spread. • Ensuring vaccination against specific diseases where available. 3. What are the symptoms of Kala-azar? Symptoms of Kala-azar typically include: • Prolonged and irregular fever. • Significant weight loss. • Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly). • Anemia, leading to paleness and fatigue. • Darkening of the skin in some cases, which gives the disease its name ("black fever"). 4. Write the preventive measures of Kala-azar. Preventive measures for Kala-azar include: • Vector control: Using insecticides, insecticide-treated bed nets, and repellents to protect against sandfly bites. • Early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals to reduce the parasite reservoir in the community. • Environmental management: Clearing vegetation and debris around homes to reduce sandfly breeding sites. • Personal protection: Wearing long-sleeved clothing and trousers, especially from dusk to dawn when sandflies are most active. 5. What are the symptoms of malaria? Symptoms of malaria typically include: • Fever, often characterized by cyclical episodes of chills, high fever, and profuse sweating. • Headache and muscle aches. • Fatigue and general malaise. • Nausea and vomiting. • In severe cases, symptoms can progress to anemia, jaundice, seizures, and coma. 6. Write the preventive methods of malaria in points. Preventive methods of malaria include: • Using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) while sleeping. • Implementing indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides in homes. • Taking antimalarial drugs for prophylaxis when traveling to malaria-endemic areas. • Eliminating mosquito breeding sites by draining stagnant water and proper waste management. • Wearing protective clothing and using insect repellents when outdoors, especially during peak mosquito activity. 7. Tell the symptoms of rabies. Symptoms of rabies in humans typically progress in stages: • Early symptoms: Fever, headache, general weakness, and discomfort or tingling at the site of the bite. • Later symptoms: Hydrophobia (fear of water), aerophobia (fear of fresh air), hallucinations, agitation, paralysis, and eventually coma and death. 8. What are the preventive methods of rabies? Preventive methods of rabies include: • Vaccinating domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, against rabies. • Avoiding contact with wild animals that may carry the virus. • Administering post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for humans after potential exposure, which involves thorough wound cleaning, a series of rabies vaccines, and rabies immunoglobulin. • Implementing public awareness campaigns to educate people about rabies prevention and what to do if bitten by an animal. 9. Write the preventive measures of non-communicable disease. Preventive measures for non-communicable diseases include: • Adopting a healthy and balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, while limiting processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats. • Engaging in regular physical activity for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. • Avoiding tobacco use in all forms and limiting alcohol consumption. • Maintaining a healthy body weight through diet and exercise. • Undergoing regular health screenings for early detection and management of risk factors like high blood pressure or diabetes. 10. Write the symptoms of common cold. Symptoms of common cold typically include: • Runny or stuffy nose. • Sore throat. • Cough and sneezing. • Mild body aches or headache. • Sometimes a low-grade fever. • General feeling of malaise or fatigue. 11. What are the preventive methods of common cold? Preventive methods for common cold include: • Frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching public surfaces. • Avoiding touching the face (eyes, nose, mouth) to prevent germ transfer. • Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick. • Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces in homes and workplaces. • Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with adequate sleep, a balanced diet, and regular exercise to support the immune system. That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.