This biology question covers important biological concepts and processes. The step-by-step explanation below helps you understand the underlying mechanisms and reasoning.

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a) The practice illustrated is raddling or mating/service marking.
b) Three reasons for carrying out this practice are: • To identify females that have been served by the male, allowing for accurate record-keeping of mating dates. • To detect repeat breeders (females that return to estrus after being served), indicating a failure to conceive. • To monitor the activity and effectiveness of the male (e.g., ram or buck) by observing how many females he has marked.
c) Three causes of infertility in farm animals are: • Nutritional deficiencies, such as lack of essential vitamins, minerals, or energy. • Diseases or infections of the reproductive tract, like brucellosis or vibriosis. • Hormonal imbalances that disrupt the estrous cycle or ovulation.
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This biology question covers important biological concepts and processes. The step-by-step explanation below helps you understand the underlying mechanisms and reasoning.