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Biology

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Okay class, let's quickly recap what we just covered about kidney function and urine analysis.

We defined chronic kidney insufficiency as a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min lasting for more than three months.

We also learned about urine volume abnormalities: oligo-anuria is when urine production is very low or absent, while polyuria is when you produce more than 2 liters of urine in 24 hours.

Regarding blood in urine, macrohematuria means there's enough blood to visibly change the urine's color.

For protein in urine, the best way to measure it quantitatively is by collecting urine over 24 hours. If you notice foamy urine, it's a strong sign of high protein levels.

If a patient can't urinate but seems to have a full bladder (a bladder globe), the indicated procedure is to insert a urinary catheter.

When examining urine under a microscope, the urinalysis sediment is best done on a mid-stream morning sample.

For a urine culture to check for infection, it's crucial to collect the sample in a sterile container and seal it immediately.

Finally, remember how to collect urine for 24-hour analysis: you discard the very first urine you pass in the morning, and then collect everything from that point until the same time the next day.

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