What are the answers to the following multiple-choice questions related to medical terminology and anatomy?

Here are the answers to the questions:

1. The inflammation in kidneys due to irritation of kidney stones is called...

   • d) Lithonephritis
   • Explanation: "Litho" refers to stone, and "nephritis" is inflammation of the kidney.

2. Cystine is a kidney stone produced during...

   • c) Childhood
   • Explanation: Cystine stones are often genetic and typically manifest in childhood.

3. The spongy part of bone is called...

   • a) Epiphysis
   • Explanation: The epiphysis is the end part of a long bone, which contains spongy bone (cancellous bone).

4. When the fracture damages organs, arteries, veins or nerves it is called.

   • c) Complicated fracture
   • Explanation: A complicated fracture involves damage to surrounding soft tissues, organs, or neurovascular structures.

5. The structure of forebrain resembles with "sea horse" known as..

   • a) Hippocampus
   • Explanation: The hippocampus, a part of the limbic system in the forebrain, is often described as having a seahorse-like shape.

6. ..... of the following is not function of Gastrin?

   • c) Irregular period
   • Explanation: Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates HCl secretion, gastric motility, and mucosal growth in the stomach. Irregular periods are not related to gastrin function.

7. Steroid hormones are also known as..

   • b) Lipophilic
   • Explanation: Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, meaning they are lipophilic (fat-loving) and can easily pass through cell membranes.

8. Agonistic behaviour is type of...

   • d) Social behaviour
   • Explanation: Agonistic behavior encompasses a range of behaviors related to conflict, such as fighting, fleeing, and displays, which are all forms of social interaction.

9. In-Vitro fertilization (IVF) is method used to...

   • a) Treat infertility
   • Explanation: IVF is a medical procedure used to help individuals or couples with infertility conceive a child.

10. In males FSH promotes the development and maturation of...

    • a) Sperm cells
    • Explanation: In males, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell development and maturation in the testes.

11. The cells in the seminiferous tubules which produce sperm.

    • b) Sertoli cells
    • Explanation: While germ cells (spermatogonia) directly develop into sperm, Sertoli cells are crucial supportive cells within the seminiferous tubules that nourish and regulate the development of sperm.

12. A condition that causes bone loss and increases the risk of fractures.

    • b) Osteoporosis
    • Explanation: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk.

13. Newly formed chromosome has two...

    • a) Chromatids
    • Explanation: After DNA replication, a chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

14. Female grasshopper has 24 chromosomes but male has..

    • d) 23
    • Explanation: Grasshoppers use an XO sex-determination system. Females are XX (22 autosomes + XX = 24 chromosomes), while males are XO (22 autosomes + X = 23 chromosomes).

15. The blood group with "No" antigen.

    • d) O
    • Explanation: Blood group O lacks both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

16. All are homologous organs EXCEPT:

    • c) Wing of butterfly
    • Explanation: Homologous organs share a common evolutionary origin but may have different functions (e.g., wings of bird/bat, arm of man). The wing of a butterfly is an insect wing, which has a different evolutionary origin and structure, making it analogous (similar function, different origin) to the wings of birds and bats.

17. For the entire ecosystem on earth only the source of energy is...

    • b) Sun
    • Explanation: The sun is the primary source of energy for almost all ecosystems on Earth, driving photosynthesis which forms the base of most food webs.

18. The best milk producing breeds in Pakistan is.

    • b) Holstein Friesian
    • Explanation: Holstein Friesian cattle are renowned globally for their high milk production and are a popular dairy breed in Pakistan.