What are the basic concepts of agriculture and soil science?

Here are the answers to your homework questions: 18. What is harvesting? Harvesting is the process of gathering mature crops* from the fields. 19. Name two crop pests. Two crop pests are aphids and locusts*. 20. What is organic manure? Organic manure is natural fertilizer* made from decomposed plant and animal waste, such as compost or animal dung. 21. What is soil fertility? Soil fertility is the ability of soil to sustain plant growth* by providing essential nutrients and a suitable environment. 22. Name two sources of water for farming. Two sources of water for farming are rain and rivers*. 23. What is crop production? Crop production is the cultivation of plants* for food, fiber, or other uses. 24. What is livestock production? Livestock production is the raising of farm animals* like cattle, sheep, and poultry for products such as meat, milk, and eggs. 25. What is a seed? A seed is a reproductive unit of a plant* containing an embryo and stored food, capable of developing into a new plant. 26. What is soil? Soil is the loose surface material of the Earth* composed of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms, supporting plant life. 27. Name three types of soil. Three types of soil are sandy soil, clay soil, and loamy soil*. 28. Which soil drains water fastest? Sandy soil* drains water fastest due to its large particle size and high porosity. 29. What is soil erosion? Soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil* by natural forces like wind and water, often accelerated by human activities. 30. State two causes of soil erosion. Two causes of soil erosion are deforestation and overgrazing*. 31. How can soil erosion be controlled? Soil erosion can be controlled by planting cover crops or using terracing* on slopes. 32. What is irrigation farming? Irrigation farming is the artificial application of water to land* to assist in the growth of crops. 33. Name two irrigation methods. Two irrigation methods are drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation*. 33. Why is water important for crops? Water is important for crops because it is essential for photosynthesis*, transports nutrients, and maintains plant structure. 35. What is drainage? Drainage, in agriculture, is the removal of excess water* from the soil surface or subsurface to improve growing conditions for crops. 36. What is soil conservation? Soil conservation is the practice of protecting soil* from erosion and degradation to maintain its fertility and productivity.