Identify the types of specialized cells responsible for each problem and explain their responsibility in the observed tomato fruits and cows. Suggest four practical ways Mr. Abala can improve cellular cell and function to solve the observation problems in tomato fruits and cows.

Step 1: Identify the pest for wilting leaves with evident yellowing and irregular symptoms.
These symptoms indicate damage to vascular tissues in stems, caused by the coffee stem borer ($\textit{Monochamus leuconotus}$), a beetle (insect, phylum Arthropoda).

Step 2: Identify the plant cells responsible for the leaf symptoms and explain their function.
The pest's larvae bore tunnels through the stem, destroying xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes.

• Xylem vessels: Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves.
• Phloem sieve tubes: Transport sugars and nutrients from leaves to other parts.
  Damage blocks transport, causing wilting and chlorosis (yellowing).

Step 3: Identify the pest for chlorotic yellowing and small, prematurely aborted fruits.
These symptoms match attack by the coffee berry borer ($\textit{Hypothenemus hampei}$), a beetle (insect, phylum Arthropoda).

Step 4: Identify the plant cells responsible for the fruit symptoms and explain their function.
The adult bores into berries; larvae feed on mesocarp parenchyma cells (fruit pulp) and endosperm cells (seed storage tissue).

• Mesocarp parenchyma: Stores water and nutrients for fruit growth.
• Endosperm: Nourishes the developing embryo.
  Feeding halts development, causing small size and abortion.

Step 5: Examine observed cell problems in plant stems and fruits.

• Stems: Collapsed xylem/phloem cells, larval galleries (tunnels) with frass (insect waste), irregular tissue necrosis.
• Fruits: Degenerated parenchyma/endosperm cells, entry holes, empty or shriveled seeds.
  These confirm mechanical damage by borer larvae in both control and GMP crops (illegal pesticide was ineffective/toxic).

Step 6: Suggest 4 ways Mr. Ablo can solve the cell problems in plant fruits and stems.

1. Implement integrated pest management (IPM): Use pheromone traps and biological controls (e.g., parasitoid wasps) to reduce borer populations without illegal chemicals.
2. Prune and destroy infested stems/fruits: Remove and burn affected parts to break pest life cycle and prevent spread.
3. Apply approved insecticides: Use targeted sprays (e.g., entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria) at proper doses during key pest stages.
4. Improve cultural practices: Ensure proper plant spacing, sanitation, and resistant GMP varieties or rootstocks to minimize stress and borer entry.

\textbf{Stem borer (Monochamus leuconotus): xylem & phloem cells

Berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei): mesocarp parenchyma & endosperm cells

4 ways: IPM, prune/destroy, approved insecticides, cultural practices}