Identify the type of non-conformities in the laboratory based on the provided observations.

Here are the answers to the questions:

1. The observation indicates a non-conformity regarding the laboratory's training program. While personnel are qualified, the absence of a formal training program means there is no documented system for maintaining and enhancing competence, which is a requirement for a robust quality management system.

2. The observation indicates a non-conformity related to external quality assurance. The laboratory's quality management system lacks participation in organized inter-laboratory comparisons or external quality assessment schemes, which are essential for objectively evaluating the laboratory's performance against external benchmarks and ensuring the validity of results.