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Huu hapa ni ufumbuzi wa maswali yako: 3. (a) Eleza malengo manne ya utafiti wa kazi (workstudy). Malengo manne ya utafiti wa kazi ni: • Kuboresha mbinu za kazi: Kuchunguza na kurahisisha michakato ya kazi ili kuondoa hatua zisizo za lazima na kupunguza juhudi. • Kupima muda wa kazi: Kuamua muda wa kawaida unaohitajika kukamilisha kazi kwa kutumia mbinu bora. • Kuweka viwango vya utendaji: Kuanzisha viwango vya uzalishaji vinavyoweza kufikiwa na wafanyakazi. • Kuboresha mpangilio wa mahali pa kazi: Kuunda mazingira ya kazi yenye ufanisi zaidi kwa kupanga vifaa na rasilimali. 3. (b) Hesabu muda wa kawaida (standard time) kwa operesheni. Tutatumia data kutoka Jedwali 2 na posho ya dharura ya 2%. Hatua ya 1: Kokotoa muda halisi uliozingatiwa (Actual Observed Time, AOT) kwa kila kipengele katika kila mzunguko. Muda uliozingatiwa (OT) kwenye jedwali ni nyakati za jumla. Tunahitaji kupata muda halisi kwa kila kipengele. Mzunguko I: OT_I,1 = 1.35 min OT_I,2 = 2.65 - 1.35 = 1.30 min OT_I,3 = 4.45 - 2.65 = 1.80 min OT_I,4 = 6.75 - 4.45 = 2.30 min Mzunguko II: OT_II,1 = 12.65 - 6.75 = 5.90 min OT_II,2 = 13.85 - 12.65 = 1.20 min OT_II,3 = 15.48 - 13.85 = 1.63 min OT_II,4 = 17.95 - 15.48 = 2.47 min Mzunguko III: OT_III,1 = 26.45 - 17.95 = 8.50 min OT_III,2 = 27.95 - 26.45 = 1.50 min OT_III,3 = 32.95 - 27.95 = 5.00 min OT_III,4 = 34.60 - 32.95 = 1.65 min Hatua ya 2: Kokotoa muda wa wastani uliozingatiwa (Average Observed Time, AOT) kwa kila kipengele. AOT_1 = (1.35 + 5.90 + 8.50)/(3) = (15.75)/(3) = 5.25 min AOT_2 = (1.30 + 1.20 + 1.50)/(3) = (4.00)/(3) = 1.3333 min AOT_3 = (1.80 + 1.63 + 5.00)/(3) = (8.43)/(3) = 2.81 min AOT_4 = (2.30 + 2.47 + 1.65)/(3) = (6.42)/(3) = 2.14 min Hatua ya 3: Kokotoa muda wa kawaida (Normal Time, NT) kwa kila kipengele. Tumia formula: NT = AOT × (OR)/(100) NT_1 = 5.25 × (95)/(100) = 4.9875 min NT_2 = 1.3333 × (105)/(100) = 1.4000 min NT_3 = 2.81 × (100)/(100) = 2.8100 min NT_4 = 2.14 × (90)/(100) = 1.9260 min Hatua ya 4: Kokotoa jumla ya muda wa kawaida (Total Normal Time, TNT) kwa operesheni. TNT = NT_1 + NT_2 + NT_3 + NT_4 TNT = 4.9875 + 1.4000 + 2.8100 + 1.9260 = 11.1235 min Hatua ya 5: Kokotoa jumla ya posho ya kupumzika (Total Relaxation Allowance, TRA) kwa dakika. RA_1 = 4.9875 × (25)/(100) = 1.2469 min RA_2 = 1.4000 × (26)/(100) = 0.3640 min RA_3 = 2.8100 × (32)/(100) = 0.8992 min RA_4 = 1.9260 × (27)/(100) = 0.5199 min TRA = 1.2469 + 0.3640 + 0.8992 + 0.5199 = 3.0399 min Hatua ya 6: Kokotoa muda ulioruhusiwa (Allowed Time, AT) kabla ya posho ya dharura. AT = TNT + TRA AT = 11.1235 + 3.0399 = 14.1634 min Hatua ya 7: Tumia posho ya dharura (Contingency Allowance) na kokotoa muda wa kawaida (Standard Time, ST). Posho ya dharura ni 2%. ST = AT × (1 + Posho ya Dharura100) ST = 14.1634 × (1 + (2)/(100)) ST = 14.1634 × 1.02 ST = 14.446668 min Kuzungusha hadi sehemu mbili za desimali: ST ≈ 14.45 min Muda wa kawaida kwa operesheni ni: 14.45 min Tuma swali linalofuata 📸