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This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Here are the solutions to the questions from the image: Question 17: An excess of copper is added to 25.0 cm^3 of 1.0 mol dm^-3 HNO_3. Calculate the volume of the gas formed at s.t.p. [H=1.0, N=14.0, O=16.0, Cu=63.0, Molar volume of gas at s.t.p = 22.4 dm^3] Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation. For dilute nitric acid, the reaction with copper produces nitric oxide (NO) gas. 3Cu(s) + 8HNO_3(aq) → 3Cu(NO_3)_2(aq) + 4H_2O(l) + 2NO(g) Step 2: Calculate the moles of HNO_3. Moles of HNO_3 = Molarity × Volume Moles of HNO_3 = 1.0 mol dm^-3 × (25.0)/(1000) dm^3 Moles of HNO_3 = 1.0 mol dm^-3 × 0.025 dm^3 = 0.025 mol Step 3: Use stoichiometry to find the moles of NO gas. From the balanced equation, 8 moles of HNO_3 produce 2 moles of NO. Moles of NO = 0.025 mol HNO_3 × 2 mol NO8 mol HNO_3 = 0.00625 mol Step 4: Calculate the volume of NO gas at s.t.p. Volume of NO = Moles of NO × Molar volume at s.t.p. Volume of NO = 0.00625 mol × 22.4 dm^3mol^-1 = 0.14 dm^3 Converting to cm^3: Volume of NO = 0.14 × 1000 cm^3 = 140 cm^3 The volume of the gas formed at s.t.p. is 140 cm^3. Question 18: How many moles are there in 4.8 g of ozone [O=16.0] Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of ozone (O_3). Molar mass of O_3 = 3 × 16.0 g/mol = 48.0 g/mol Step 2: Calculate the number of moles. Moles = MassMolar mass Moles = 4.8 g48.0 g/mol = 0.1 mol There are 0.1 mol in 4.8 g of ozone. Question 19: What mass of oxygen would react with 9 g of aluminium? [O=16.0, Al=27.0] Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation. 4Al(s) + 3O_2(g) → 2Al_2O_3(s) Step 2: Calculate the moles of aluminium. Moles of Al = Mass of AlMolar mass of Al Moles of Al = 9 g27.0 g/mol = 0.3333 mol Step 3: Use stoichiometry to find the moles of oxygen (O_2). From the balanced equation, 4 moles of Al react with 3 moles of O_2. Moles of O_2 = 0.3333 mol Al × 3 mol O_24 mol Al = 0.25 mol Step 4: Calculate the mass of oxygen. Molar mass of O_2 = 2 × 16.0 g/mol = 32.0 g/mol Mass of O_2 = Moles of O_2 × Molar mass of O_2 Mass of O_2 = 0.25 mol × 32.0 g/mol = 8.0 g The mass of oxygen that would react with 9 g of aluminium is 8.0 g. Question 20: (i) Define the term concentration of a solution (ii) Calculate the mass concentration of a 0.10 mol dm^-3 Na_2CO_3 solution. [Na=23.0, C=12.0, O=16.0] (iii) Describe how a 1 dm^3 solution of 0.1 mol dm^-3 Na_2CO_3 could be prepared. i) Define the term concentration of a solution. Concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. It quantifies how much solute is present in a specific volume or mass of the solution. ii) Calculate the mass concentration of a 0.10 mol dm^-3 Na_2CO_3 solution. Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of Na_2CO_3. Molar mass of Na_2CO_3 = (2 × 23.0) + (1 × 12.0) + (3 × 16.0) Molar mass of Na_2CO_3 = 46.0 + 12.0 + 48.0 = 106.0 g/mol Step 2: Calculate the mass concentration. Mass concentration = Molarity × Molar mass Mass concentration = 0.10 mol dm^-3 × 106.0 g/mol = 10.6 g dm^-3 The mass concentration is 10.6 g dm^-3. iii) Describe how a 1 dm^3 solution of 0.1 mol dm^-3 Na_2CO_3 could be prepared. Step 1: Calculate the mass of Na_2CO_3 needed. Mass of Na_2CO_3 = Molarity × Volume × Molar mass Mass of Na_2CO_3 = 0.1 mol dm^-3 × 1 dm^3 × 106.0 g/mol = 10.6 g Step 2: Weigh out 10.6 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na_2CO_3) accurately. Step 3: Transfer the weighed solid into a 1 dm^3 volumetric flask using a funnel. Add a small amount of distilled water to dissolve the solid, swirling gently. Step 4: Add more distilled water to the volumetric flask until the bottom of the meniscus reaches the 1 dm^3 mark. Step 5: Stopper the flask and invert it several times to ensure the solution is thoroughly mixed. --- CHAPTER 8 (Acids, Bases and Salts) Question 1: Which of the following statements is not a chemical property of an acid? A. Evolution of ammonia gas when heated with ammonium salts. B. Evolution of CO_2 gas when added to a trioxocarbonate (IV) salts. C. Formation of salt and water with alkalis. D. Formation of salt and hydrogen gas with reactive metals. (2017/29) Acids typically react with ammonium salts to form new salts, not to evolve ammonia gas directly. Ammonia is usually evolved when an ammonium salt is heated with a strong base. The correct option is A. Question 2: Which of the following dilute acids does not react with metals to liberate hydrogen? A. CH_3COOH B. HCl C. H_2SO_4 D. HNO_3 (2009/28) Dilute nitric acid (HNO_3) is an oxidizing acid and typically produces oxides of nitrogen (e.g., NO, NO_2) when reacting with metals, rather than hydrogen gas. The correct option is D. Question 3: Which of the following hydrohalic acids is the weakest? A. HF B. HCl C. HBr D. HI (2011/9) The strength of hydrohalic acids increases down the group: HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is the weakest due to strong hydrogen bonding and the high bond energy of the H-F bond. The correct option is A. Question 4: The correct balanced equation for the reaction between aluminium metal and hot concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid is A. 2Al + 6H_2SO_4 → Al_2(SO_4)_3 + 6H_2O + 3SO_2 B. 2Al + 4H_2SO_4 → Al_2(SO_4)_3 + 4H_2O + SO_2 C. 2Al + 4H_2SO_4 → Al_2(SO_4)_3 + 8H_2O + 4SO_2 D. 2Al + 3H_2SO_4 → Al_2(SO_4)_3 + 3H_2O + 3SO_2 (2015/49) The balanced redox reaction for aluminium with hot concentrated sulfuric acid is: 2Al(s) + 6H_2SO_4(conc.) → Al_2(SO_4)_3(aq) + 3SO_2(g) + 6H_2O(l) This matches option A. The correct option is A. Question 5: Which of the following acids would readily react with CaCO_3 to liberate CO_2? A. CH_3COOH B. H_2SO_4 C. H_2SO_3 D. HNO_3 (2013/29) Sulfuric acid (H_2SO_4) reacts with CaCO_3 to form sparingly soluble calcium sulfate (CaSO_4), which coats the surface of the carbonate and prevents further reaction, so it does not react "readily". Ethanoic acid, sulfurous acid, and nitric acid all form soluble calcium salts and would react readily. Among the options that react readily, nitric acid is a strong acid and would react most vigorously. The correct option is D. Question 6: A weak acid is one which A. is not corrosive. B. is slightly ionized in water. C. does not produce salts with alkalis. D. does not conduct an electric current in aqueous solution. (1995/10) A weak acid is defined by its partial or slight ionization (dissociation) in water. The correct option is B. Question 7: Which of the following species is always present in acidified water? A. NH_4^+ B. O^2- C. HCl D. H_3O^+ (1995/11) Acidified water contains an acid, which donates protons (H^+) to water molecules to form hydronium ions (H_3O^+). This is the characteristic ion of acidic solutions. The correct option is D. Question 8: Which of the following is/are characteristic properties of acids? I. they form oxonium ions in water II. liberate carbon (IV) oxide from trioxocarbonate (IV) salts III. turn blue litmus red IV. have a soapy feel A. IV only B. I & III C. II & IV D. I, II & III (1991/8) Properties I, II, and III are characteristic of acids. Property IV (soapy feel) is characteristic of bases. The correct option is D. Question 9: The number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in one molecule of an acid indicates its A. basicity B. acidity C. alkalinity D. reactivity (1994/12) The number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in an acid molecule is known as its basicity. The correct option is A. Question 10: Which of the following gases will bleach moist red litmus paper? I. Cl_2 II. SO_2 III. SO_3 IV. HCl A. IV only B. I and II C. III and IV D. I, II and III (1995/45) Chlorine gas (Cl_2) and sulfur dioxide (SO_2) are known bleaching agents. Cl_2 bleaches by oxidation, and SO_2 bleaches by reduction. Both will bleach moist litmus paper. SO_3 forms sulfuric acid, and HCl forms hydrochloric acid, which turn litmus red but do not bleach it. The correct option is B. Question 11: Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid is described as strong acid because it is A. highly corrosive. B. concentrated. C. reactive. D. ionized in water. (1994/21) An acid is classified as strong if it ionizes (dissociates) almost completely in water to produce hydrogen ions. The correct option is D. That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.