This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.

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c) Step 1: The alkene undergoes syn dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide () and pyridine. Step 2: The osmate ester is then cleaved by to yield a cis-diol. CH_3CH=CHCH_3 \xrightarrow{1. OsO_4, Pyridine} Osmate ester intermediate \xrightarrow{2. NaHSO_3/H_2O} \text{CH_3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH_3} Product name: Butane-2,3-diol
d) Step 1: The alkene undergoes ozonolysis, cleaving the double bond. Step 2: Reductive workup with zinc and acetic acid converts the intermediate ozonide into carbonyl compounds. Since the alkene is tetrasubstituted, two molecules of ketone are formed. (CH_3)_2C=C(CH_3)_2 \xrightarrow{1. O_3, CH_2Cl_2} Ozonide intermediate \xrightarrow{2. Zn, CH_3COOH, H_2O} 2 \text{ CH_3COCH_3} Product name: Acetone (Propan-2-one)
e) Step 1: The 1,2-diol undergoes oxidative cleavage with periodic acid (). Step 2: This reaction breaks the carbon-carbon bond between the two hydroxyl-bearing carbons, opening the ring and forming a dicarbonyl compound. 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diol \xrightarrow{HIO_4, H_2O, THF} \text{CH_3COCH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2COCH_3} Product name: Octane-2,7-dione
f) Step 1: Cyclohexene reacts with diiodomethane () in the presence of a zinc-copper couple () in ether. Step 2: This is a Simmons-Smith reaction, which adds a methylene group across the double bond to form a cyclopropane ring. Product name: Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
g) Step 1: The alkene undergoes hydroboration with diborane () in THF. This adds boron to the less substituted carbon. Step 2: Subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide () and sodium hydroxide () replaces the boron with a hydroxyl group, resulting in an anti-Markovnikov addition of water. 2-methylpent-2-ene \xrightarrow{1. B_2H_6, THF} Organoborane intermediate \xrightarrow{2. H_2O_2, NaOH} \text{CH_3CH_2CH_2C(CH_3)HCH_2OH} Product name: 2-methylpentan-1-ol
h) Step 1: 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene reacts with but-2-ene in a Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Step 2: This [4+2] cycloaddition forms a six-membered ring with a new double bond. Product name: 1,2,4,5-tetramethylcyclohex-1-ene
i) Step 1: Acetone reacts with a phosphonium ylide, which is generated in situ from triphenylphosphine () and methyl bromide (). Step 2: This is a Wittig reaction, which converts a ketone into an alkene by replacing the carbonyl oxygen with the alkylidene group from the ylide. CH_3COCH_3 \xrightarrow{P(Ph)_3, CH_3Br} \text{CH_2=C(CH_3)_2} Product name: 2-methylpropene
j) Step 1: Acetophenone reacts with phosphorus pentachloride (). Step 2: This reaction replaces the carbonyl oxygen with two chlorine atoms, forming a geminal dichloride. Acetophenone \xrightarrow{PCl_5} \text{C_6H_5CCl_2CH_3} Product name: 1,1-dichloro-1-phenylethane
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c) Step 1: The alkene undergoes syn dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide (OsO_4) and pyridine.
This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.