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Define the identity element.

Chemistry

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2 parts
i

a2a−1, for a≠12\frac{a}{2a - 1}, \text{ for } a \neq \frac{1}{2}

ii

H2H−1, for H≠12\frac{H}{2H - 1}, \text{ for } H \neq \frac{1}{2}

Step-by-step solution

5 steps

Here are the solutions to your problems.

1. Find the identity for the binary operation ∗* on the set R\mathbb{R}, given that x∗y=xyx * y = xy.

Step 1: Define the identity element.
An element e∈Re \in \mathbb{R} is the identity element for the operation ∗* if for all x∈Rx \in \mathbb{R}, x∗e=xx * e = x and e∗x=xe * x = x.

Step 2: Apply the definition to the given operation.
Given the operation x∗y=xyx * y = xy, we set x∗e=xx * e = x:

xe=xxe = x

Step 3: Solve for ee.
To solve for ee, we rearrange the equation:

xe−x=0xe - x = 0 x(e−1)=0x(e - 1) = 0

For this equation to hold true for all x∈Rx \in \mathbb{R} (specifically for x≠0x \neq 0), the term (e−1)(e - 1) must be zero.

e−1=0e - 1 = 0 e=1e = 1

We can verify this with e∗x=xe * x = x: 1∗x=1x=x1 * x = 1x = x, which is correct.

The identity element is 1\boxed{\text{1}}.

2. A binary operation △\triangle is defined as a△b=a+b−2aba \triangle b = a + b - 2ab.

Part i· 3 steps

Find the inverse element under the operation △\triangle.

  1. Find the identity element ee for the operation △\triangle.

    An element e∈Re \in \mathbb{R} is the identity element if for all a∈Ra \in \mathbb{R}, a△e=aa \triangle e = a and e△a=ae \triangle a = a.
    Using a△e=aa \triangle e = a:

    a+e−2ae=aa + e - 2ae = a

    Subtract aa from both sides:

    e−2ae=0e - 2ae = 0

    Factor out ee:

    e(1−2a)=0e(1 - 2a) = 0

    For this equation to hold for all a∈Ra \in \mathbb{R}, ee must be 0. (If e≠0e \neq 0, then 1−2a=0  ⟹  a=121 - 2a = 0 \implies a = \frac{1}{2}, which means ee would only work for a specific aa, not all aa.)
    We can verify with e△a=ae \triangle a = a: 0△a=0+a−2(0)a=a0 \triangle a = 0 + a - 2(0)a = a, which is correct.
    So, the identity element is e=0e = 0.

  2. Define the inverse element.

    An element a′∈Ra' \in \mathbb{R} is the inverse of a∈Ra \in \mathbb{R} if a△a′=ea \triangle a' = e and a′△a=ea' \triangle a = e.
    We found the identity element e=0e = 0.
    So, we need to solve a△a′=0a \triangle a' = 0.

  3. Apply the definition and solve for a′a'.

    Using the operation a△a′=a+a′−2aa′a \triangle a' = a + a' - 2aa', we set it equal to 0:

    a+a′−2aa′=0a + a' - 2aa' = 0

    Rearrange the terms to isolate a′a':

    a′−2aa′=−aa' - 2aa' = -a

    Factor out a′a' from the left side:

    a′(1−2a)=−aa'(1 - 2a) = -a

    Divide by (1−2a)(1 - 2a) to solve for a′a':

    a′=−a1−2aa' = \frac{-a}{1 - 2a} a′=a2a−1a' = \frac{a}{2a - 1}

    The inverse element a′a' exists for all a∈Ra \in \mathbb{R} such that 2a−1≠02a - 1 \neq 0, i.e., a≠12a \neq \frac{1}{2}.

    The inverse element is a2a−1, for a≠12\boxed{\frac{a}{2a - 1}, \text{ for } a \neq \frac{1}{2}}.

Part ii

H2H−1, for H≠12\frac{H}{2H - 1}, \text{ for } H \neq \frac{1}{2}

The inverse of H.

  1. Use the formula for the inverse found in part i).

    The inverse of an element aa is given by a′=a2a−1a' = \frac{a}{2a - 1}.

  2. Substitute HH for aa.

    To find the inverse of HH, we replace aa with HH in the formula:

    Inverse of H=H2H−1\text{Inverse of } H = \frac{H}{2H - 1}

    This inverse exists for H∈RH \in \mathbb{R} such that H≠12H \neq \frac{1}{2}.

    The inverse of H is H2H−1, for H≠12\boxed{\frac{H}{2H - 1}, \text{ for } H \neq \frac{1}{2}}.

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