Convert the binary content of memory location 190 (0010 10002) to hexadecimal. Perform binary addition for 110012 + 10112. Perform binary subtraction for 1010112 - 11012. Convert 10111112 to Octal.

Question 1: a) i) Step 1: Identify the contents of memory location 189 from Figure 2. Location 189: 0010 1000_2 Step 2: Identify the contents of memory location 190 from Figure 2. Location 190: 0010 1000_2 ii) Step 1: Convert the binary content of memory location 190 (0010 1000_2) to hexadecimal. Group the binary digits into sets of four from right to left. 0010 \ 1000_2 Step 2: Convert each group of four binary digits to its hexadecimal equivalent. 0010_2 = 2_16 1000_2 = 8_16 Step 3: Combine the hexadecimal digits. Location 190 in Hexadecimal: 28_16 c) i) Step 1: Perform binary addition for 11001_2 + 1011_2. & 11001_2 \\ + & 01011_2 \\ & 100100_2 100100_2 ii) Step 1: Perform binary subtraction for 101011_2 - 1101_2. & 101011_2 \\ - & 001101_2 \\ & 011110_2 11110_2 d) i) Step 1: Convert 1011111_2 to Octal. Group the binary digits into sets of three from right to left, adding leading zeros if necessary. 001 \ 011 \ 111_2 Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to its octal equivalent. 001_2 = 1_8 011_2 = 3_8 111_2 = 7_8 Step 3: Combine the octal digits. 137_8 ii) Step 1: Convert 1011111_2 to Hexadecimal. Group the binary digits into sets of four from right to left, adding leading zeros if necessary. 0101 \ 1111_2 Step 2: Convert each group of four binary digits to its hexadecimal equivalent. 0101_2 = 5_16 1111_2 = F_16 Step 3: Combine the hexadecimal digits. 5F_16 Question 4: a) Three essential hardware components: • Processor (CPU) • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD) b) How these components boost performance: • Processor (CPU): A faster CPU can execute instructions more quickly, leading to faster application loading and data processing. • Random Access Memory (RAM): More RAM allows the computer to run more applications simultaneously and handle larger datasets without slowing down, as it reduces the need to access slower storage. • Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD): An SSD, in particular, offers significantly faster boot times, application loading, and file transfers compared to an HDD, improving overall system responsiveness. c) Two health hazards from a poorly set up computer environment: • Eye Strain: Prolonged viewing of a screen without proper lighting or screen positioning can lead to dry eyes, headaches, and blurred vision. • Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI): Improper keyboard and mouse positioning can cause injuries to wrists, hands, and arms due to repetitive movements and awkward postures. d) Full meaning of the following acronyms: • CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor • BIOS: Basic Input/Output System • ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange e) Differentiate between: i) Impact and non-impact printers: • Impact printers create an image by physically striking an ink ribbon against the paper, similar to a typewriter. They are often noisy but can print multi-part forms. • Non-impact printers form characters and graphics without direct physical contact between the print head and the paper, using technologies like inkjets or lasers. They are typically quieter and produce higher quality output. ii) Simplex and Duplex in data transmission: • Simplex transmission allows data to flow in only one direction, from sender to receiver, without any return path. • Duplex transmission allows data to flow in both directions. Half-duplex allows transmission in both directions but only one way at a time, while full-duplex allows simultaneous transmission in both directions. f) What is social media? Social media refers to interactive digital platforms that enable users to create and share content, or to participate in social networking. It facilitates the creation and exchange of user-generated content, ideas, and information. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Question 5: a) Four components that make up an information system: • Hardware: The physical components of the system, such as computers, servers, and network devices. • Software: The programs and applications that control the hardware and process data. • Data: The raw facts and figures that are collected, processed, and stored by the system. • People: The users, operators, and developers who interact with and manage the system. b) Stages involved in the development of a School Management Information System (SMIS): • Planning: Defining the scope, objectives, and feasibility of the SMIS project. • Analysis: Gathering and documenting the requirements of the system from stakeholders. • Design: Creating the architectural blueprint of the system, including databases, user interfaces, and system processes. • Implementation: Coding, testing, and installing the software and hardware components of the SMIS. • Testing: Verifying that the system functions correctly and meets all specified requirements. • Maintenance: Ongoing support, updates, and enhancements to the system after deployment. c) i) Distinguish between pilot and parallel implementation: • Pilot implementation involves introducing the new system to a small, selected group or department within the organization first. If successful, it is then rolled out to the rest of the organization. • Parallel implementation involves running both the old system and the new system simultaneously for a period. This allows for comparison and ensures continuity of operations before fully switching to the new system. ii) What is a computer crime? A computer crime is any illegal act involving a computer, network, or networked device. It can involve using a computer to commit a crime or targeting a computer system itself. iii) Two computer users' activities considered as a crime: • Hacking: Unauthorized access to a computer system or network. • Data Theft: Illegally accessing, copying, or transmitting sensitive or confidential data. d) Briefly differentiate between the following: i) Data validation and data verification: • Data validation checks the accuracy, quality, and reasonableness of data during input to ensure it conforms to predefined rules or constraints. For example, checking if an age is a positive number. • Data verification ensures that the data entered into the system matches the original source data. This often involves methods like double-entry or visual checking. ii) System documentation and User documentation: • System documentation provides detailed information about the internal workings of a software system, including its design, code, and technical specifications, primarily for developers and maintenance staff. • User documentation provides instructions and guides for end-users on how to operate and interact with the software system, focusing on functionality and tasks. iii) Green computing and ergonomics: • Green computing (or green IT) involves designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems efficiently and effectively with minimal impact on the environment. • Ergonomics is the science of designing and arranging workplaces, products, and systems so that they fit the people who use them, aiming to optimize human well-being and overall system performance, often to prevent injuries.