The table below shows the activities carried out during system development. Identify the phase or stage in SDLC for which each of the stated activities are carried out.

Here are the answers to your questions: 3. (i) (a) Identify the phase or stage in SDLC for which each of the stated activities are carried out. Testing the system: Testing* Writing of algorithms: Design* Training of users of the system: Implementation/Deployment* Identifying the system functionalities: Requirements Analysis* Writing of codes: Implementation* Carrying out upgrade: Maintenance* 3. (i) (b) Describe the waterfall model of system development. The waterfall model is a sequential, linear process for software development where each phase must be completed and reviewed before the next phase can begin. It flows downwards like a waterfall through distinct stages such as requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. 3. (i) (c) State two advantages of the waterfall model. • It is simple and easy to understand and use. • Its rigid structure makes it easy to manage, as phases are processed and completed one at a time. 3. (ii) State the function of the following in a computer system. a) Network interface card: Connects a computer to a network, allowing it to send and receive data. b) Sound card: Processes audio input and output, enabling the computer to play sounds and record audio. c) Video card: Generates and outputs images to a display device, such as a monitor. 3. (iii) (a) State two Internet navigation software (browsers) commonly used. • Google Chrome • Mozilla Firefox 3. (iii) (b) Give the functions of THREE elements of a navigation software. • Address bar: Allows users to type in a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to navigate to a specific website. • Back/Forward buttons: Enable users to navigate to previously visited web pages or move forward to pages they have just navigated back from. • Refresh button: Reloads the current web page, useful for updating content or resolving loading issues. 4. (i) (a) What is ergonomics? Ergonomics is the scientific study of designing and arranging workplaces, products, and systems so that they fit the people who use them, aiming to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. 4. (i) (b) State and explain three ergonomic measures to be taken by a secretary when setting up his work desk. • Adjustable chair: Use a chair that provides good lumbar support and allows for adjustable height, seat depth, and armrests to maintain a healthy posture and reduce back strain. • Monitor at eye level: Position the monitor so the top of the screen is at or slightly below eye level, and at arm's length, to prevent neck and eye strain. • Keyboard and mouse within easy reach: Keep the keyboard and mouse close to the body to avoid overreaching, which can lead to wrist and arm strain. Use a wrist rest if needed. 4. (i) (c) State one way that computer users can avoid repetitive strain injury. Take regular short breaks from typing or using the mouse to stretch and rest muscles. 4. (ii) (a) Explain why ROM is required in a computer system. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is essential because it stores the firmware (like BIOS or UEFI) that contains the initial instructions needed to start up the computer, perform hardware checks, and load the operating system. This data is non-volatile, meaning it persists even when the power is off. 4. (ii) (b) State and explain the contents of ROM. The primary content of ROM is the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). This firmware contains the instructions for the computer to perform a Power-On Self-Test (POST), initialize hardware components, and locate and load the operating system from a storage device. 4. (ii) (c) Explain two types of ROM. • PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory): This type of ROM can be programmed once by the user or manufacturer using a special device. Once programmed, its contents cannot be erased or modified. • EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): EPROM can be programmed multiple times. Its contents can be erased by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light, allowing it to be reprogrammed. 4. (ii) (d) Describe one characteristic of ROM. ROM is non-volatile, meaning it retains its stored information even when the power supply is turned off. 4. (iii) (a) Define the term modularisation. Modularisation is the process of breaking down a complex system or program into smaller, independent, and interchangeable components called modules, each responsible for a specific function. 4. (iii) (b) Give TWO advantages of using any of the approaches above. • Easier to manage and understand: Breaking a system into modules simplifies its complexity, making it easier to design, develop, and maintain. • Increased reusability: Modules can be reused in different parts of the same system or in other projects, saving development time and effort. 4. (iii) (c) Explain how bottom-up approach is carried out. The bottom-up approach starts with designing, coding, and testing the individual, low-level components or modules first. These tested modules are then integrated to form larger subsystems, and this process continues until the entire system is assembled and functional. 5. (i) (a) What is risk in project management? In project management, a risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project's objectives, such as scope, schedule, cost, or quality. 5. (i) (b) State two factors that determine the duration of a project. • Project scope and complexity: The size and intricacy of the tasks involved directly influence how long a project will take. • Availability of resources: The quantity and quality of human resources, equipment, and materials available can significantly impact the project timeline. 5. (i) (c) Describe TWO tools that can be used to analyse a project. • Gantt Chart: A visual tool that displays a project schedule, showing the start and end dates of tasks, their dependencies, and progress. It helps in planning, coordinating, and tracking specific tasks within a project. • PERT Chart (Program Evaluation and Review Technique): A network diagram that illustrates the sequence of tasks in a project, their dependencies, and the estimated time for each task. It is particularly useful for managing complex projects with uncertain activity durations. 5. (ii) (a) What is utility software? Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, or maintain a computer. It performs specific tasks to manage and tune the computer's hardware and operating system. 5. (ii) (b) Explain the function of the defragmenter tool in an operating system. A defragmenter tool reorganizes fragmented data on a hard disk drive. When files are saved, they can be broken into pieces and stored in non-contiguous locations. Defragmentation consolidates these pieces, storing files in continuous blocks, which improves disk access speed and overall system performance. 5. (ii) (c) State the functions of TWO other named utility software in a computer system. • Antivirus software: Detects, prevents, and removes malicious software like viruses, worms, and Trojans from a computer system. • Disk cleaner: Identifies and removes unnecessary files from a computer's hard drive, such as temporary files, recycle bin contents, and system logs, to free up disk space. 5. (iii) (a) Explain the role of a modulator in data communication. A modulator converts digital signals into analog signals (a process called modulation) so that they can be transmitted over analog communication channels, such as telephone lines or radio waves. Conversely, a demodulator converts these analog signals back into digital signals (demodulation) at the receiving end. 5. (iii) (b) With a well labelled diagram distinguish between serial and parallel data transmission. I cannot draw a diagram, but I can describe the distinction: • Serial Data Transmission: Data bits are sent one after another over a single communication channel or wire. It is slower but requires fewer wires and is suitable for long-distance communication. • Parallel Data Transmission: Multiple data bits (e.g., 8 bits) are sent simultaneously over multiple communication channels or wires (e.g., 8 wires). It is faster for short distances but requires more wires and is prone to synchronization issues over longer distances. Conceptual Diagram Description: Serial: Imagine a single lane road where cars (bits) travel one by one. [Bit 1] -> [Bit 2] -> [Bit 3] -> [Bit 4] -> (Single Wire) Parallel: Imagine a multi-lane highway where multiple cars (bits) travel side-by-side at the same time. [Bit 1] -> (Wire 1) [Bit 2] -> (Wire 2) [Bit 3] -> (Wire 3) [Bit 4] -> (Wire 4) Drop the next question 📸