Answer from 1 to 3 in English

Here are the answers to questions 6, 7, and 8 in English. 6. (i) (a) A relational database is a type of database that stores and provides access to data points that are related to one another. It organizes data into one or more tables (or "relations") of rows and columns, with a unique key for each row. 6. (i) (b) Two benefits of a relational database over a flat file database for a secretary are: Reduced data redundancy*: Information is stored once, avoiding duplication across multiple files. Improved data integrity*: Relationships between data ensure consistency and accuracy, as changes in one table can be reflected in related tables. 6. (i) (c) The phrase "attribute X is functionally dependent on another attribute Y" means that for every unique value of attribute Y, there is exactly one corresponding value for attribute X. In other words, attribute Y uniquely determines attribute X. 6. (ii) (a) The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard to both their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities. 6. (ii) (b) Two implications of the digital divide in the field of education are: Unequal access to educational resources*: Students without Internet access or devices cannot utilize online learning platforms, digital textbooks, or research materials, putting them at a disadvantage. Disparity in digital literacy skills*: Students from digitally disadvantaged backgrounds may lack essential computer and Internet skills, hindering their ability to participate in modern educational environments and future job markets. 6. (ii) (c) Two importances of the Internet in the healthcare domain are: Telemedicine and remote consultations*: The Internet enables doctors to consult with patients remotely, provide diagnoses, and monitor conditions, especially beneficial for patients in rural areas or with mobility issues. Access to medical information and research*: Healthcare professionals can quickly access vast databases of medical research, journals, and best practices, while patients can find information about their conditions and health management. 6. (iii) (a) A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit that performs a basic logical function. It takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. Example: An AND gate. c — c — c Input A & Input B & Output (A AND B) \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ Diagram of an AND gate: (0,0) node[left] A -- (0.5,0); (0,0.5) node[left] B -- (0.5,0.5); (0.5,0.25) node[and gate, draw, logic gate inputs=2, anchor=in 1] ; (1.5,0.25) -- (2,0.25) node[right] Output; 6. (iii) (b) Logic circuit to implement (A + B) · (B · C): % Input A (-1, 1.5) node[left] A -- (0, 1.5); % Input B (-1, 0.5) node[left] B -- (0, 0.5); % Input C (-1, -0.5) node[left] C -- (0, -0.5); % OR gate for (A+B) (0, 1.5) -- (0.5, 1.5); (0, 0.5) -- (0.5, 0.5); [or gate, draw, logic gate inputs=2, anchor=in 1] (or1) at (1.5, 1) ; (or1.out) -- (2.5, 1); % AND gate for (B.C) (0, 0.5) -- (0.5, 0.5); % B input to AND (0, -0.5) -- (0.5, -0.5); % C input to AND [and gate, draw, logic gate inputs=2, anchor=in 1] (and1) at (1.5, 0) ; (and1.out) -- (2.5, 0); % Final AND gate for (A+B).(B.C) (2.5, 1) -- (3, 1); (2.5, 0) -- (3, 0); [and gate, draw, logic gate inputs=2, anchor=in 1] (and2) at (4, 0.5) ; (and2.out) -- (5, 0.5) node[right] (A+B) · (B · C); 6. (iii) (c) One method used to study the output of a circuit is a truth table. 7. (i) (a) Two types of wireless technology standards are: Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)*: This standard (based on IEEE 802.11) allows devices to connect to a network wirelessly over short to medium distances, typically used for local area networks (LANs) and Internet access. Bluetooth*: This standard (based on IEEE 802.15.1) enables short-range wireless communication between devices, primarily used for personal area networks (PANs) like connecting headphones, keyboards, or mice to a computer. 7. (i) (b) Two advantages of a wireless network to a hospital are: Enhanced mobility for staff*: Doctors and nurses can access patient records, update charts, and communicate with colleagues from anywhere within the hospital, improving efficiency and response times. Support for portable medical devices*: Wireless networks facilitate the use of mobile medical equipment (e.g., portable X-ray machines, vital sign monitors) that can transmit data directly to patient records, reducing manual entry and potential errors. 7. (i) (c) Two ways to maintain a high level of signal strength in a wireless network are: Strategic placement of access points (APs)*: Position APs in central locations, away from obstructions like thick walls or metal objects, to ensure optimal coverage and minimize dead zones. Minimizing interference*: Identify and reduce sources of electromagnetic interference from other electronic devices (e.g., microwaves, cordless phones) by using different Wi-Fi channels or relocating interfering devices. 7. (ii) (a) An expert system is an artificial intelligence program that simulates the judgment and behavior of a human expert in a specific domain. It uses a knowledge base and an inference engine to solve complex problems. Example: A medical diagnosis system that suggests possible diseases based on patient symptoms. 7. (ii) (b) A communication system is a collection of individual telecommunications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and data terminal equipment capable of interconnection and interoperation. It facilitates the exchange of information. Example: An email system that allows users to send and receive messages over the Internet. 7. (ii) (c) A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves the data transactions of an enterprise. It is designed to process routine business transactions efficiently and accurately. Example: An Automated Teller Machine (ATM) system that processes cash withdrawals, deposits, and balance inquiries. 7. (iii) (a) Application software is designed to perform specific tasks for the user or for another application. It directly interacts with the user to accomplish a particular function. Example: A word processor (like Microsoft Word) used for creating documents. System software is designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. It manages the computer's resources. Example: An operating system (like Windows or macOS) that manages the computer's hardware and software. 7. (iii) (b) Classification of the following software: C compiler*: System software (specifically, a utility program that translates source code into machine code). Browsers*: Application software (used for accessing and viewing web pages). File explorer*: System software (a utility program that manages files and folders). Antivirus software*: System software (a utility program that protects against malicious software). 8. (i) (a) A switch is a network device that connects multiple devices on a local area network (LAN). It forwards data frames to specific destination devices based on their MAC addresses, improving network efficiency by directing traffic only where it needs to go. 8. (i) (b) A bridge is a network device that connects two separate local area networks (LANs) or two segments of the same LAN. It filters network traffic by forwarding data packets between segments only if the destination MAC address is on the other segment, thus reducing traffic congestion. 8. (i) (c) A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals suitable for transmission over analog communication lines (like telephone lines or cable) and vice-versa. This allows computers to communicate over long distances. 8. (ii) (a) Two ways in which the use of computers may contribute to the rigging of an election are: Manipulation of electronic voting machines (EVMs)*: If EVMs are not properly secured, their software or hardware could be tampered with to alter vote counts without leaving a paper trail, making detection difficult. Hacking of voter registration databases*: Unauthorized access to voter registration systems could allow for the addition of fake voters, deletion of legitimate voters, or modification of voter details, impacting election outcomes. 8. (ii) (b) Two measures that the Electronic-Registration of voters can limit multiple registrations are: Biometric verification*: Implementing biometric data such as fingerprints or facial recognition during registration can uniquely identify individuals and prevent them from registering multiple times. Cross-referencing and de-duplication algorithms*: The electronic system can automatically compare new registrations against existing records using sophisticated algorithms to detect and flag duplicate entries based on names, dates of birth, addresses, or other personal identifiers. 8. (iii) (a) Two functions of operating systems in file management are: Creating, deleting, and renaming files and directories*: The OS provides commands and interfaces for users and applications to manage the basic structure of the file system. Managing access permissions and security*: The OS controls who can access specific files and directories, and what operations (read, write, execute) they can perform, ensuring data security and integrity. 8. (iii) (b) Four examples of operating systems are: Microsoft Windows* macOS* Linux* Android* 8. (iii) (c) Two security measures provided by the operating system are: User authentication*: The OS requires users to provide credentials (like passwords, PINs, or biometric data) to verify their identity before granting access to the system and its resources. Access control*: The OS implements mechanisms to control which users or processes can access specific files, directories, or system resources, and what level of access they have (e.g., read-only, read-write, execute).