Answer 3 to 5 in English language

Question 1

Answer · 2026-06-23T02:30:11.474Z

Okay Hazel, let's re-answer questions 3 to 5 in English for you. 3. (i) (a) Here is the completed table with the phases of the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle): Activities — PhaseTesting the system — Testing Phase Writing of algorithms — Design Phase Training of users of the system — Implementation / Deployment Phase Identifying the system functionalities — Requirements Analysis Phase Writing of codes — Development / Implementation Phase Carrying out upgrade — Maintenance Phase 3. (i) (b) The waterfall model is a sequential, linear approach to system development. Each phase of development (requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, maintenance) must be fully completed before the next phase can begin. There is no overlapping between phases. 3. (i) (c) Two advantages of the waterfall model are: It is simple and easy to understand and manage. Phases are well-defined, which facilitates project planning and tracking. 3. (ii) (a) The function of a Network Interface Card (NIC) is to allow a computer to connect to a computer network, such as the internet or a local area network, by converting digital data into electrical or optical signals for transmission. 3. (ii) (b) The function of a sound card is to enable the computer to produce audible sounds through speakers or headphones, and to record sounds from a microphone. 3. (ii) (c) The function of a video card (or graphics card) is to process and generate the images that are displayed on a monitor or screen. 3. (iii) (a) Two commonly used internet browsing software (browsers) are: Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox 3. (iii) (b) Here are the functions of three elements of a navigation scheme: Address Bar*: Allows the user to type the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of a web page to access it directly. Back/Forward Buttons*: Allow navigation between previously visited web pages in the browsing history. Refresh/Reload Button*: Allows reloading the content of the current web page to display the most recent information. 4. (i) (a) Ergonomics is the scientific study of the relationship between humans and their working environment. It aims to design tools, machines, and workplaces in a way that optimizes human well-being and overall system performance. 4. (i) (b) Three ergonomic measures a secretary can take when arranging their office are: Adjusting chair height and backrest*: To ensure good lumbar support and keep feet flat on the floor or on a footrest. Positioning the monitor at eye level*: The top edge of the screen should be at eye level to avoid tilting the head and straining the neck. Placing the keyboard and mouse within easy reach*: Forearms should be parallel to the floor and wrists straight to reduce strain on arms and wrists. 4. (i) (c) One way for computer users to avoid Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) is to take regular, short breaks (e.g., every 20-30 minutes) to stretch and rest muscles. 4. (ii) (a) ROM (Read-Only Memory) is required in a computer system because it contains the firmware (such as BIOS or UEFI) which is essential for the computer to start up. These initial instructions allow the system to recognize hardware and load the operating system. 4. (ii) (b) The contents of ROM primarily include startup instructions (BIOS/UEFI), hardware test programs (POST - Power-On Self-Test) that verify the proper functioning of essential components at startup, and basic instructions for communicating with peripherals. This data is non-volatile. 4. (ii) (c) Two types of ROM are: PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)*: A memory that can be programmed only once by the user after manufacturing. Once programmed, its content cannot be changed. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)*: A memory that can be erased by exposing it to intense ultraviolet light, and then reprogrammed. 4. (ii) (d) One characteristic of ROM is that it is non-volatile. This means that the data stored in ROM is not lost when the computer's power supply is turned off. 4. (iii) (a) Modularization is the process of breaking down a complex system into smaller, independent, and manageable components called modules. Each module is designed to perform a specific function and interacts with other modules via well-defined interfaces. 4. (iii) (b) Two advantages of using modularization approaches (such as bottom-up or top-down) are: Ease of maintenance and debugging*: Problems can be isolated and fixed within specific modules without affecting the entire system. Code reuse*: Well-designed modules can be reused in other projects, reducing development time and costs. 4. (iii) (c) The bottom-up approach is carried out by starting with the design, development, and testing of the lowest-level or most fundamental modules of the system. Once these basic modules function correctly, they are progressively integrated to build higher-level components, until the complete system is assembled and tested. 5. (i) (a) In project management, a risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on at least one project objective (such as schedule, cost, scope, or quality). 5. (i) (b) Two factors that determine the duration of a project are: The project scope*: The extent and complexity of the tasks and deliverables required. The available resources*: The quantity and quality of human, material, and financial resources allocated to the project. 5. (i) (c) Two tools that can be used to analyze a project are: The Gantt chart*: A bar chart that illustrates a project schedule, showing the start and end dates of tasks, as well as their dependencies. It helps visualize progress and identify bottlenecks. SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)*: A strategic analysis method that evaluates internal strengths, internal weaknesses, external opportunities, and external threats related to the project. 5. (ii) (a) Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, or maintain the operation of a computer. 5. (ii) (b) The function of the defragmenter tool in an operating system is to reorganize fragmented files on a hard drive. When files are saved, they can be scattered into multiple non-contiguous pieces. The defragmenter reassembles these pieces so that each file is stored contiguously, which improves disk access performance. 5. (ii) (c) The functions of two other utility software in a computer system are: Antivirus software*: Protects the computer against malicious software (viruses, worms, Trojans, etc.) by detecting and removing them. File compression software*: Reduces the size of files or folders to save storage space or facilitate their transfer over a network. 5. (iii) (a) The role of a modulator in data communication is to convert a digital signal (which is discrete and binary) into an analog signal (which is continuous and variable). This conversion is necessary so that digital data can be transmitted over communication media designed for analog signals, such as traditional telephone lines or radio waves. 5. (iii) (b) Here is a diagram and a distinction between serial and parallel data transmission: c Serial Transmission \\ Sender Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Receiver \\ (Single data channel) \\ \\ Parallel Transmission \\ Sender Bit 1 \\ Bit 2 \\ Bit 3 \\ Bit 4 Receiver \\ (Multiple data channels) Serial Transmission: Data bits are sent one by one, sequentially, over a single communication channel. It is slower but more reliable over long distances because there are fewer synchronization issues. Parallel Transmission: Multiple data bits (e.g., 8 bits or 1 byte) are sent simultaneously over several distinct communication channels. It is faster over short distances but can suffer from synchronization problems (skew) over longer distances.

Question 2

Okay Hazel, let's re-answer questions 3 to 5 in English for you. 3. (i) (a) Here is the completed table with the phases of the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle): Activities — PhaseTesting the system — Testing Phase Writing of algorithms — Design Phase Training of users of the system — Implementation / Deployment Phase Identifying the system functionalities — Requirements Analysis Phase Writing of codes — Development / Implementation Phase Carrying out upgrade — Maintenance Phase 3. (i) (b) The waterfall model is a sequential, linear approach to system development. Each phase of development (requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, maintenance) must be fully completed before the next phase can begin. There is no overlapping between phases. 3. (i) (c) Two advantages of the waterfall model are: It is simple and easy to understand and manage. Phases are well-defined, which facilitates project planning and tracking. 3. (ii) (a) The function of a Network Interface Card (NIC) is to allow a computer to connect to a computer network, such as the internet or a local area network, by converting digital data into electrical or optical signals for transmission. 3. (ii) (b) The function of a sound card is to enable the computer to produce audible sounds through speakers or headphones, and to record sounds from a microphone. 3. (ii) (c) The function of a video card (or graphics card) is to process and generate the images that are displayed on a monitor or screen. 3. (iii) (a) Two commonly used internet browsing software (browsers) are: Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox 3. (iii) (b) Here are the functions of three elements of a navigation scheme: Address Bar*: Allows the user to type the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of a web page to access it directly. Back/Forward Buttons*: Allow navigation between previously visited web pages in the browsing history. Refresh/Reload Button*: Allows reloading the content of the current web page to display the most recent information. 4. (i) (a) Ergonomics is the scientific study of the relationship between humans and their working environment. It aims to design tools, machines, and workplaces in a way that optimizes human well-being and overall system performance. 4. (i) (b) Three ergonomic measures a secretary can take when arranging their office are: Adjusting chair height and backrest*: To ensure good lumbar support and keep feet flat on the floor or on a footrest. Positioning the monitor at eye level*: The top edge of the screen should be at eye level to avoid tilting the head and straining the neck. Placing the keyboard and mouse within easy reach*: Forearms should be parallel to the floor and wrists straight to reduce strain on arms and wrists. 4. (i) (c) One way for computer users to avoid Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) is to take regular, short breaks (e.g., every 20-30 minutes) to stretch and rest muscles. 4. (ii) (a) ROM (Read-Only Memory) is required in a computer system because it contains the firmware (such as BIOS or UEFI) which is essential for the computer to start up. These initial instructions allow the system to recognize hardware and load the operating system. 4. (ii) (b) The contents of ROM primarily include startup instructions (BIOS/UEFI), hardware test programs (POST - Power-On Self-Test) that verify the proper functioning of essential components at startup, and basic instructions for communicating with peripherals. This data is non-volatile. 4. (ii) (c) Two types of ROM are: PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)*: A memory that can be programmed only once by the user after manufacturing. Once programmed, its content cannot be changed. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)*: A memory that can be erased by exposing it to intense ultraviolet light, and then reprogrammed. 4. (ii) (d) One characteristic of ROM is that it is non-volatile. This means that the data stored in ROM is not lost when the computer's power supply is turned off. 4. (iii) (a) Modularization is the process of breaking down a complex system into smaller, independent, and manageable components called modules. Each module is designed to perform a specific function and interacts with other modules via well-defined interfaces. 4. (iii) (b) Two advantages of using modularization approaches (such as bottom-up or top-down) are: Ease of maintenance and debugging*: Problems can be isolated and fixed within specific modules without affecting the entire system. Code reuse*: Well-designed modules can be reused in other projects, reducing development time and costs. 4. (iii) (c) The bottom-up approach is carried out by starting with the design, development, and testing of the lowest-level or most fundamental modules of the system. Once these basic modules function correctly, they are progressively integrated to build higher-level components, until the complete system is assembled and tested. 5. (i) (a) In project management, a risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on at least one project objective (such as schedule, cost, scope, or quality). 5. (i) (b) Two factors that determine the duration of a project are: The project scope*: The extent and complexity of the tasks and deliverables required. The available resources*: The quantity and quality of human, material, and financial resources allocated to the project. 5. (i) (c) Two tools that can be used to analyze a project are: The Gantt chart*: A bar chart that illustrates a project schedule, showing the start and end dates of tasks, as well as their dependencies. It helps visualize progress and identify bottlenecks. SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)*: A strategic analysis method that evaluates internal strengths, internal weaknesses, external opportunities, and external threats related to the project. 5. (ii) (a) Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, or maintain the operation of a computer. 5. (ii) (b) The function of the defragmenter tool in an operating system is to reorganize fragmented files on a hard drive. When files are saved, they can be scattered into multiple non-contiguous pieces. The defragmenter reassembles these pieces so that each file is stored contiguously, which improves disk access performance. 5. (ii) (c) The functions of two other utility software in a computer system are: Antivirus software*: Protects the computer against malicious software (viruses, worms, Trojans, etc.) by detecting and removing them. File compression software*: Reduces the size of files or folders to save storage space or facilitate their transfer over a network. 5. (iii) (a) The role of a modulator in data communication is to convert a digital signal (which is discrete and binary) into an analog signal (which is continuous and variable). This conversion is necessary so that digital data can be transmitted over communication media designed for analog signals, such as traditional telephone lines or radio waves. 5. (iii) (b) Here is a diagram and a distinction between serial and parallel data transmission: c Serial Transmission \\ Sender Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Receiver \\ (Single data channel) \\ \\ Parallel Transmission \\ Sender Bit 1 \\ Bit 2 \\ Bit 3 \\ Bit 4 Receiver \\ (Multiple data channels) Serial Transmission: Data bits are sent one by one, sequentially, over a single communication channel. It is slower but more reliable over long distances because there are fewer synchronization issues. Parallel Transmission: Multiple data bits (e.g., 8 bits or 1 byte) are sent simultaneously over several distinct communication channels. It is faster over short distances but can suffer from synchronization problems (skew) over longer distances.

Answer 3 to 5 in English language

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