Section B consists of THIRTEEN (13) short-answer questions. Answer ALL THIRTEEN (13) questions. In this section: • the length of your answers must be guided by the mark scheme for each. • use examples where relevant to substantiate your arguments, and to show that you understand the module content. • provide evidence-based arguments and acknowledge sources of your information by means of consistent and correct referencing. SECTION B: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS (COMPULSORY) Answer ALL THIRTEEN (13) questions 1. Define deforestation and soil erosion and discuss how they impact the environment. 2. Mention five (5) types of crimes against humanity that can be tried at the International Criminal Court (ICC). 3. Briefly explain three (3) possible negative impacts of the failure to access water and sanitation. 4. Which development theory views development as a linear process where industrialisation assists a country to move from an indigenous society to a westernised one? 5. Which three (3) dimensions of human development does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure? 6. Discuss any two (2) causes of poverty and inequality as mentioned in the DVA1501 Study guide. 7. Identify and describe two (2) negative impacts of mining on the environment. 8. Which development theory posits that developing countries are exploited in a core-periphery relationship with developed countries? 9. In your own words, define and explain the term sustainable development. 10. According to learning unit 5 in the DVA1501 Study guide, the prevalence of hunger is higher in rural areas. Describe three (3) reasons for this. 11. Identify and briefly explain any two (2) poverty relief measures from learning unit 6 of the DVA1501 Study guide. 12. Discuss two (2) reasons for low literacy levels in the developing world. 13. Which development theory advocates for change from a capitalistic Eurocentric world to a more human system, one that recognises all knowledge systems of the world?

Question 1: Define deforestation and soil erosion and discuss how they impact the environment.

Deforestation is the large-scale removal of trees, while soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil; both lead to loss of biodiversity, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and degradation of land quality.

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Question 2: Mention five (5) types of crimes against humanity that can be tried at the International Criminal Court (ICC).

Five types of crimes against humanity include genocide, war crimes, torture, enslavement, and forced displacement.

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Question 3: Briefly explain three (3) possible negative impacts of the failure to access water and sanitation.

Negative impacts include increased disease transmission, reduced economic productivity due to illness, and hindered educational opportunities, particularly for girls.

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Question 4: Which development theory views development as a linear process where industrialisation assists a country to move from an indigenous society to a westernised one?

The linear development theory, often associated with modernization theory, posits that industrialization leads to a transition from traditional to modern societies.

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Question 5: Which three (3) dimensions of human development does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?

The HDI measures health (life expectancy), education (mean years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita).

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Question 6: Discuss any two (2) causes of poverty and inequality as mentioned in the DVA1501 Study guide.

Two causes of poverty and inequality include lack of access to quality education and systemic discrimination based on gender or ethnicity.

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Question 7: Identify and describe two (2) negative impacts of mining on the environment.

Negative impacts of mining include habitat destruction, which leads to biodiversity loss, and water pollution from toxic waste, affecting local ecosystems and communities.

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Question 8: Which development theory posits that developing countries are exploited in a core-periphery relationship with developed countries?

Dependency theory posits that developing countries are exploited by developed countries in a core-periphery relationship, hindering their growth.

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Question 9: In your own words, define and explain the term sustainable development.

Sustainable development is the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.

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Question 10: According to learning unit 5 in the DVA1501 Study guide, the prevalence of hunger is higher in rural areas. Describe three (3) reasons for this.

Reasons include limited access to markets for agricultural products, inadequate infrastructure for food distribution, and higher vulnerability to climate change impacts.

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Question 11: Identify and briefly explain any two (2) poverty relief measures from learning unit 6 of the DVA1501 Study guide.

Two poverty relief measures include cash transfer programs that provide financial assistance to low-income families and microfinance initiatives that offer small loans to promote entrepreneurship.

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Question 12: Discuss two (2) reasons for low literacy levels in the developing world.

Reasons for low literacy levels include insufficient educational resources and infrastructure, and socio-cultural barriers that prioritize labor over education, especially for girls.

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Question 13: Which development theory advocates for change from a capitalistic Eurocentric world to a more human system, one that recognises all knowledge systems of the world?

Postcolonial theory advocates for a shift from a Eurocentric capitalist model to a more inclusive system that values diverse knowledge systems and perspectives.