1 Troposphere

1.1 1.1.1 Troposphere 1.1.2 Mesosphere 1.1.3 Mesosphere 1.1.4 Stratosphere 1.1.5 Troposphere 1.1.6 Exosphere 1.1.7 Stratosphere 1.1.8 Troposphere 1.2 1.2.1 Y 1.2.2 Z 1.2.3 Z 1.2.4 Y 1.2.5 Y 1.2.6 Z 1.2.7 Y 1.3 1.3.1 Global warming is the long-term rise in Earth's average global temperature, caused by an excess of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 1.3.2 • Altering ecosystems. • Forcing animals to migrate to cooler places to survive. 1.3.3 • Carbon dioxide • Methane • Nitrous oxide • Chlorofluorocarbons • Water vapour (Any two of the above) 1.3.4 The greenhouse effect occurs when the sun's rays penetrate the atmosphere and are reflected by Earth's surface as heat. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere then trap this heat, preventing it from escaping. Human activities release an excess of these gases, intensifying the natural greenhouse effect and leading to a rise in the planet's average global temperature, which is known as global warming. 1.3.5 Burning of fossil fuels. 1.3.6 • Reduce the burning of fossil fuels. • Promote the use of renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind). • Improve energy efficiency in homes and industries. • Plant more trees (afforestation) to absorb carbon dioxide. (Any two of the above) 1.4 1.4.1 Windward side 1.4.2 Cumulonimbus clouds 1.4.3 The air on the windward side of the mountain has high moisture content and is warm. 1.4.4 As the air moves down the leeward side, it descends and is compressed. This compression causes the air to warm adiabatically, leading to an increase in temperature. The air is also drier, having lost its moisture on the windward side. 1.4.5 Orographic rainfall forms when warm, moist air is forced to rise as it encounters a mountain barrier. As the air ascends, it expands due to lower atmospheric pressure and cools. When the air cools to its dew point, water vapor condenses, forming clouds. Further condensation and coalescence of water droplets lead to precipitation, which falls on the windward side of the mountain. After passing over the mountain, the now drier air descends on the leeward side, warming as it is compressed, creating a rain shadow effect where rainfall is significantly reduced. 1.5 1.5.1 An isobar is a line on a weather map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure. 1.5.2 Winter 1.5.3 • Dominant high-pressure systems (H) are located over the interior of the subcontinent. • The temperatures, while not extremely low, are moderate, and the high pressure indicates stable, dry conditions typical of winter in the interior. 1.5.4 The isobaric interval is 1024 - 1020 = 4 hPa 1.5.5 The letter H represents a High-pressure system or Anticyclone. 1.5.6 Cape Town. Evidence: The station model for Cape Town (B) shows a cloud cover of 7/8 (seven oktas), indicating almost overcast conditions. Additionally, a cold front is approaching Cape Town from the west, which is typically associated with precipitation. 1.5.7 a) Air temperature: 18°C b) Dew point temperature: 12°C c) Cloud cover: 7/8 (seven oktas) d) Wind direction: North-westerly e) Wind speed: 15 knots 2.1 2.1.1 Outer Core 2.1.2 Crust 2.1.3 Inner Core 2.1.4 Outer Core 2.1.5 Mantle 2.1.6 Mantle 2.1.7 Crust 2.2 2.2.1 A. tectonic plate 2.2.2 B. fault 2.2.3 C. tsunami 2.2.4 D. normal fault 2.2.5 A. plate boundary 2.2.6 B. transverse / passive plate boundary 2.2.7 A. folding 2.2.8 C. block mountain 2.3 2.3.1 Rock Type A: Igneous rock Rock Type B: Sedimentary rock Rock Type C: Metamorphic rock 2.3.2 Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies slowly beneath the Earth's surface, resulting in large, visible crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks form when lava cools and solidifies rapidly on or above the Earth's surface, leading to small crystals or a glassy texture. 2.3.3 • They have a stratified (layered) texture due to the deposition of sediments over time. • They commonly contain fossils, as organisms can be trapped and preserved within the accumulating sediments. 2.3.4 Metamorphic rocks like marble are widely used in construction for countertops, flooring, and sculptures due to their durability and aesthetic appeal. 2.3.5 • Granite • Basalt (Any two valid igneous rock types) 2.4 2.4.1 Continental drift theory is the scientific theory proposed by Alfred Wegener, stating that the Earth's continents have moved over geological time relative to each other, appearing to have drifted across the ocean bed. 2.4.2 Alfred Wegener 2.4.3 • Laurasia • Gondwanaland 2.4.4 • Fit of the continents: The coastlines of continents, such as South America and Africa, appear to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, suggesting they were once joined. • Fossil evidence: Identical fossils of ancient plants and animals, like the Mesosaurus, have been found on continents now separated by vast oceans, indicating these landmasses were once connected. • Geological evidence: Similar rock formations, mountain ranges, and geological structures are found on continents that would have been adjacent in the supercontinent Pangaea, supporting their past connection. 2.4.5 The Earth's lithosphere is divided into several large and small tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere. These plates are constantly moving due to convection currents within the mantle, where hot, less dense material rises and cooler, denser material sinks. This movement causes plates to diverge (move apart), converge (collide), or transform (slide past each other), leading to phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. 2.5 2.5.1 An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, caused by the release of energy from movements within the Earth's crust. 2.5.2 The area that experiences the greatest damage from the earthquake is called the Epicentre. 2.5.3 Isoseismal lines 2.5.4 The magnitude of the earthquake that hit Mexico's capital was 6.5. 2.5.5 • Killing at least two people. • Injuring twelve others. • Causing moderate damage in a small town. • Damaging homes. (Any one of the above) 2.5.6 Earthquakes have devastating negative impacts on people and settlements. They cause widespread destruction of infrastructure, including buildings, roads, and bridges, leading to significant economic losses and hindering rescue efforts. The collapse of structures results in loss of life and numerous injuries, leaving many displaced and traumatized. Essential services like electricity, water, and communication are often disrupted, further complicating recovery. Secondary hazards such as tsunamis, landslides, and fires can also be triggered, exacerbating the damage and increasing casualties. The long-term effects include psychological distress for survivors and immense costs for reconstruction and rehabilitation. Drop the next question 📸