A learner collected rock samples from different areas and observed their properties. Define a rock. Classify rocks by formation. Distinguish extrusive from intrusive igneous rocks. Name two regions in

Here are the solutions to the Geography questions:

SECTION A (80 MARKS)

1. A learner collected rock samples from different areas and observed their properties.

• a) Define a rock. (2 marks) A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

• b) Classify the following rocks according to their formation process: Granite, Basalt, Sandstone, Marble, Slate, Limestone. (6 marks)

  • Igneous Rocks:
    • Granite
    • Basalt
  • Sedimentary Rocks:
    • Sandstone
    • Limestone
  • Metamorphic Rocks:
    • Marble
    • Slate

• c) Describe ONE feature that distinguishes extrusive igneous rocks from intrusive igneous rocks. (1 mark) Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or glassy texture due to rapid cooling on the Earth's surface, while intrusive igneous rocks have a coarse-grained texture due to slow cooling beneath the surface.

• d) Name TWO regions in Kenya where metamorphic rocks are commonly found. (2 marks)

  1. Taita Hills
  2. Central Kenya Highlands (e.g., around Mt. Kenya)

• e) State TWO factors a learner should consider when choosing a Geography-related career. (2 marks)

  1. Passion and interest in geographical concepts and environmental issues.
  2. Job opportunities and market demand in specific geography fields (e.g., GIS, urban planning).

2. Outline TWO ways in which rocks are useful to Kenyans in daily life or industry. (2 marks) 1. As construction materials for building houses, roads, and bridges (e.g., ballast, cement from limestone). 2. As a source of minerals and raw materials for various industries (e.g., iron ore, gemstones).

3. Explain TWO methods used by geographers to study rocks in the field. (2 marks) 1. Observation: Directly examining rock outcrops to identify characteristics like color, texture, layering, and mineral composition. 2. Sampling: Collecting rock specimens for detailed laboratory analysis, such as thin section analysis or chemical testing.

4. Name the metamorphic rock formed when each of the following rocks is subjected to heat and pressure: (5 marks) * a) Limestone: Marble * b) Shale: Slate * c) Sandstone: Quartzite * d) Coal: Graphite * e) Granite: Gneiss

5. State TWO characteristics of sedimentary rocks. (2 marks) 1. They are typically found in layers or strata (stratification). 2. They often contain fossils (remains of plants and animals).

6. A class conducted a field study in a local town observing settlements, transport, rivers, and markets.

• a) Define Geography. (2 marks) Geography is the scientific study of the Earth's landscapes, peoples, places, and environments, focusing on the distribution and relationship between human activities and natural phenomena on the Earth's surface.

• b) Name TWO main branches of Geography. (2 marks)

  1. Human Geography
  2. Physical Geography

• c) From the activities observed, list ONE that falls under Human Geography and ONE under Physical Geography. (2 marks)

  • Human Geography: Settlements (or Transport, or Markets)
  • Physical Geography: Rivers

• d) Give TWO ways studying Geography can help the community practice sustainable development. (2 marks)

  1. It helps in understanding environmental challenges and developing strategies for resource management.
  2. It promotes informed decision-making regarding land use, urban planning, and infrastructure development.

• e) Explain TWO relationships between Geography and Environmental Science. (2 marks)

  1. Geography provides the spatial context for environmental issues, mapping the distribution of pollution, deforestation, or biodiversity hotspots.
  2. Environmental Science uses geographical tools and data (like GIS and remote sensing) to analyze environmental processes and impacts.

• f) Identify TWO careers related to Geography. (2 marks)

  1. Surveyor
  2. Demographer (or Cartographer, Urban Planner, Environmental Consultant)

7. Study the map of Kisumu (EA 1:50,000), sheet 116/2 provided and answer the following questions.
(Note: As the map is not provided, I will explain the approach for each question or provide general answers where possible.)

• a) Convert the ratio scale of the map into a statement scale. (2 marks) The ratio scale 1:50,000 means 1 unit on the map represents 50,000 units on the ground. To convert to kilometers:

  $$1 \text{ cm on map} = 50,000 \text{ cm on ground}$$ $$1 \text{ cm on map} = \frac{50,000}{100} \text{ meters} = 500 \text{ meters}$$ $$1 \text{ cm on map} = \frac{500}{1000} \text{ kilometers} = 0.5 \text{ km}$$

  The statement scale is $\boxed{1 \text{ cm represents } 0.5 \text{ km}}$.

• b) Give six figure grid reference of the trigonometrical station 11S4 SKP 21 in the southern part of the area covered by the map. (2 marks) (This requires the map.) To find a six-figure grid reference, you would:

  1. Locate the easting grid line to the left of the station and read its two-digit number, then estimate the tenths to the station.
  2. Locate the northing grid line below the station and read its two-digit number