Explain demographic transition, karl theory of population and capitalist

Demographic transition is a model that describes population change over time, typically moving through several stages. It begins with high birth and death rates, then sees death rates fall due to improved health and sanitation, leading to rapid population growth. Finally, birth rates also decline, resulting in a stabilized or slowly growing population with low birth and death rates. Karl Marx's theory of population fundamentally differed from Malthusian views. Marx argued that there is no universal law of population; instead, population dynamics are specific to the mode of production. Under capitalism, he believed that apparent "overpopulation" is not a natural phenomenon but a result of the system's need to create a reserve army of labor. This surplus labor keeps wages low and serves the interests of capital accumulation, rather than being a consequence of resource scarcity. Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production (factories, land, resources), where goods and services are produced for profit in a free market. Decisions about production, investment, and pricing are largely determined by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention. Its core features include competition, wage labor, and the accumulation of capital.