Identify three crops grown in the polders in Netherlands, name three areas which make up the Zuider Zee reclamation project, and describe the stages of land reclamation.

A dike or dam is built to enclose a section of the sea, separating it from the main body of water.

Powerful pumps are used to drain the enclosed water, revealing the seabed. This process can take several months or years.

The newly exposed land, initially saline, is left to dry. Reeds are often planted to absorb salt and improve soil structure. Drainage ditches are dug to further remove excess water and salt.

Once the soil is suitable, roads, farms, and settlements are established, and the land is prepared for agricultural use.

d) your class visited Perkerra irrigation scheme for field work

d) (i) Give 2 methods of data collection you are likely to use while in the field (2mks)

• Observation
• Interviewing

d) (ii) Name 2 types of field work you could have used (2mks)

• Reconnaissance survey
• Detailed survey

d) (iii) State three follow-up activities for your study (3mks)

• Data analysis and interpretation
• Report writing
• Presentation of findings

10. a) (i) Distinguish between a National Park and a Sanctuary (2mks)
A National Park is a large area of land, usually owned and managed by the government, primarily for the conservation of entire ecosystems, including flora and fauna, and for public recreation and education. A Sanctuary is typically a smaller area, which can be government or privately owned, established primarily for the protection of specific species of animals or plants, often focusing on rehabilitation or providing a safe haven.

10. a) (ii) Name four sanctuaries found in Kenya (4mks)

• Nairobi Animal Orphanage
• Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (Elephant Orphanage)
• Kisumu Impala Sanctuary
• Haller Park

b) (i) what is domestic Tourism (2mks)
Domestic tourism refers to travel by residents within their own country for leisure, recreation, business, or other purposes, excluding daily commuting.

b) (ii) Explain 3 factors that hinder domestic tourism in Kenya (6mks)

• High cost of travel and accommodation: Many tourist facilities and activities are priced for international tourists, making them unaffordable for the average Kenyan.
• Lack of awareness and promotion: There is often insufficient marketing and information dissemination about local tourist attractions to the domestic market.
• Insecurity in certain regions: Perceptions or realities of insecurity in some parts of the country can deter domestic tourists from visiting those areas.

b) (iii) Name 3 tourist attractions found in the rift valley region of Kenya (3mks)

• Lake Nakuru National Park
• Lake Naivasha
• Hell's Gate National Park

c) Explain four factors influencing the distribution of wildlife in East Africa (8mks)

• Climate: Rainfall patterns and temperature significantly influence vegetation growth, which in turn determines the availability of food and water for wildlife. Areas with reliable rainfall and moderate temperatures tend to support a higher diversity and density of wildlife.
• Vegetation: The type and density of vegetation provide food, shelter, and breeding grounds for different species. For example, grasslands support grazers like wildebeest and zebras, while forests are home to primates and forest elephants.
• Availability of water: Water sources such as rivers, lakes, and permanent swamps are crucial for the survival of wildlife, especially during dry seasons. Animals tend to concentrate around these areas.
• Human activities: Human settlements, agriculture, poaching, and infrastructure development (roads, dams) lead to habitat loss, fragmentation, and disturbance, forcing wildlife to move or reducing their populations in affected areas.