Which of the following represents the cheapest mode of transportation? The rotation of the earth on its axis causes day and night. When it is noon at the Greenwich Meridian the time is 5:30pm on longi

The time at Greenwich Meridian ($0^\circ$) is 12:00 PM (noon).
The target time is 5:30 PM.
Time difference = 5:30 PM - 12:00 PM = 5 hours 30 minutes.

Since 5:30 PM is later than 12:00 PM, the location must be to the East of the Greenwich Meridian.

We know that the Earth rotates $15^\circ$ per hour, or $1^\circ$ every 4 minutes.
Convert 5 hours 30 minutes to total minutes:

Now, calculate the longitude:

Convert the decimal part to minutes: $0.5^\circ \times 60 \text{ minutes/degree} = 30 \text{ minutes}$.
So, the longitude is $82^\circ 30'E$.
The correct option is B.
The longitude is $\boxed{\text{B. } 82^\circ 30'E}$.

13. Which of the following sedimentary rocks is mechanically formed?
Mechanically formed (clastic) sedimentary rocks are composed of fragments of pre-existing rocks. Shale is formed from the compaction of fine-grained clay particles, making it a mechanically formed sedimentary rock. Chalk, limestone (often), and coal are organically or chemically formed.
The correct option is B.
The sedimentary rock that is mechanically formed is $\boxed{\text{B. Shale}}$.

14. Under which of the following climates would you expect physical weathering to be normally most active?
Physical weathering (e.g., thermal expansion and contraction, freeze-thaw) is most active in climates with significant temperature fluctuations and/or the presence of water that can freeze. Hot deserts experience large diurnal (daily) temperature ranges, leading to the expansion and contraction of rocks, which causes them to crack and break apart.
The correct option is A.
Physical weathering would be normally most active in a $\boxed{\text{A. Hot Desert}}$ climate.

15. Which of the following landforms results from wind deposition?
A barchan is a crescent-shaped sand dune formed by the deposition of sand by wind, with its horns pointing downwind. Playas, bajadas, and alluvial fans are primarily formed by water deposition.
The correct option is D.
The landform that results from wind deposition is $\boxed{\text{D. Barchan}}$.