Question 15 The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) provides an important legislative framework for environmental management in South Africa. Which Act number correctly identifies NEMA? a) Act 59 of 2008. b) Act 36 of 1998. c) Act 107 of 1998. d) Act 85 of 1993. Question 16 A company assesses the environmental impacts of a product from the extraction of raw materials through production and use to final disposal. Which approach does this demonstrate? a) End-of-pipe pollution control. b) Short-term environmental assessment. c) Site-specific environmental monitoring. d) A cradle-to-grave approach. Question 17 An organisation aims to reduce the quantity of waste sent to landfill. Which group of practices most directly supports waste minimisation? a) Increased disposal, incineration and landfill expansion. b) Reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery. c) Increased packaging, storage and transportation. d) Waste collection, relocation and uncontrolled disposal. Question 18 International efforts to address climate change include agreements intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In which year was the Kyoto Protocol adopted? a) 1992. b) 2001. c) 1997. d) 10 Question 19 An investor evaluates a company’s environmental impacts, relationships with society and governance practices before making an investment decision. Which set of considerations is most directly reflected in this assessment? a) Environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations. b) Production, sales and distribution considerations. c) Recruitment, training and performance management considerations. d) Procurement, inventory and logistics considerations. Question 20 Environmental ethics can be considered at different levels, including macro-ethics. What does macro-ethics primarily address? a) The personal ethical decisions of an individual employee. b) The technical procedures used to monitor environmental pollution. c) The financial consequences of an individual purchasing decision. d) Broad ethical questions affecting society, institutions and systems as a whole.

here are the answers to your final questions:

Question 15
The correct Act number is c).

c) Act 107 of 1998.

Explanation: The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) 107 of 1998 is the overarching framework for environmental management in South Africa, establishing principles for environmental management and providing for institutions and procedures to promote cooperative governance.

Question 16
This demonstrates d).

d) A cradle-to-grave approach.

Explanation: A cradle-to-grave approach (often part of a Life Cycle Assessment) evaluates the environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its entire life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials, through manufacturing, distribution, use, and ultimately to its disposal.

Question 17
The group of practices that most directly supports waste minimisation is b).

b) Reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery.

Explanation: These four practices form the core of the waste hierarchy, prioritizing actions that prevent waste generation (reduction), extend product life (reuse), process materials for new products (recycling), and extract energy or resources from waste (recovery), all contributing to waste minimisation.

Question 18
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in c).

c) 1997.

Explanation: The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 19
This assessment most directly reflects a).

a) Environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations.

Explanation: Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria are a set of standards for a company's operations that socially conscious investors use to screen potential investments. They cover the company's impact on the environment, its relationships with employees and communities, and its leadership and internal controls.

Question 20
Macro-ethics primarily addresses d).

d) Broad ethical questions affecting society, institutions and systems as a whole.

Explanation: Macro-ethics deals with ethical issues at a societal or systemic level, focusing on the moral implications of policies, institutions, and large-scale practices, rather than individual actions or technical details.