Define sustainable development and poverty. Describe two characteristics each of intensive and extensive agriculture. State two aims and two techniques of climate smart agriculture.

Here are the solutions to the questions:

a) i) Define any two of the following:

• Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.
• Poverty: A state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living, including adequate food, clean water, shelter, and healthcare.

b) i) Describe two characteristics each of intensive and extensive agriculture

• Intensive Agriculture:
  1. High input per unit area: It uses a large amount of labor, capital, fertilizers, and machinery on a relatively small land area.
  2. High yield per unit area: It aims for maximum productivity from a small land area, often involving multiple cropping cycles.
• Extensive Agriculture:
  1. Low input per unit area: It uses relatively less labor, capital, and technology spread over a large land area.
  2. Large land holdings: It is typically practiced on very large farms or ranches, often with lower yields per unit of land.

b) ii) State two aims and two techniques of climate smart agriculture

• Aims of Climate Smart Agriculture:
  1. To sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes to ensure food security.
  2. To adapt and build resilience to climate change impacts in agricultural systems.
• Techniques of Climate Smart Agriculture:
  1. Conservation agriculture: Practices like minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation.
  2. Improved water management: Efficient irrigation techniques and rainwater harvesting.

c) i) What is a natural resource?
A natural resource is a material or substance such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occurs in nature and can be used for economic gain or human benefit.

c) ii) Explain two challenges facing the exploitation of one of the following resources: Energy, Fish, forest.
I will choose Forest resources.

1. Illegal logging and deforestation: Widespread illegal logging and unsustainable clearing of forests lead to rapid depletion of forest cover, loss of biodiversity, and soil degradation.
2. Conflict with conservation efforts: The economic demand for timber and land for agriculture often conflicts with the need to conserve forests for ecological balance, biodiversity, and climate regulation, creating policy and enforcement challenges.

c) iii) Choose any one of the resources above and suggest two ways by which it can be conserved
Continuing with Forest resources.

1. Sustainable forest management: Implementing practices such as selective logging, reforestation, and forest certification schemes to ensure long-term productivity and ecological health.
2. Establishment of protected areas: Designating national parks, wildlife reserves, and other protected zones to safeguard critical forest ecosystems and their biodiversity from exploitation.