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2.1 Values contained in the South African Constitution and Bill of Rights The South African Constitution contains key founding values in Section 1, which underpin the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2: Human dignity Achievement of equality Advancement of human rights and freedoms Non-racialism and non-sexism Supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law These values guide the government's duty to respect, protect, promote, and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights. 2.2 Functions of the institutions (Chapter 9 institutions supporting constitutional democracy) These institutions are independent and help regulate the behaviour of both government organs and citizens to uphold constitutional values, ensure accountability, and protect rights. 2.2.1 South African Human Rights Commission Step 1: The function is to promote, protect, and monitor human rights observance. Formula first: As per Section 184, it investigates human rights violations, educates the public, and reports to Parliament. Substitute: For example, it monitors laws and conduct of state organs affecting rights like equality and dignity. Simplify: It regulates citizen and government behaviour by probing complaints and recommending remedies to prevent abuses. 2.2.2 Commission for Gender Equality Step 1: The function is to promote gender equality and eliminate discrimination. Formula first: Section 187 mandates monitoring gender equality in policies, legislation, and practices. Substitute: It conducts investigations, research, and public awareness on issues like gender-based violence. Simplify: Regulates behaviour by advising government and holding public/private sectors accountable for sexist practices. 2.2.3 Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities Step 1: The function is to promote respect for cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity. Formula first: Section 185 requires fostering mutual respect among communities and advising on rights protection. Substitute: It investigates complaints about discrimination against communities, e.g., traditional practices vs. rights. Simplify: Regulates inter-community and state-citizen interactions to balance diversity with constitutional rights. 2.2.4 Auditor-General Step 1: The function is to audit public finances for accountability. Formula first: Section 188 ensures independent audits of government revenue, expenditure, and assets. Substitute: Audits national/provincial departments and public entities, reporting irregularities to Parliament. Simplify: Regulates government financial behaviour, preventing corruption and misuse of public funds. 2.2.5 Electoral Commission Step 1: The function is to manage free and fair elections. Formula first: Section 190 oversees voter registration, elections, and political party funding transparently. Substitute: Ensures compliance with electoral laws, e.g., demarcating boundaries and accrediting observers. Simplify: Regulates citizen voting behaviour and political conduct to uphold democratic values. 2.2.6 Public Protector Step 1: The function is to investigate state maladministration and corruption. Formula first: Section 182 probes improper conduct in state affairs, abuse of power, and unethical behaviour. Substitute: Handles public complaints, e.g., service delivery failures, and issues binding remedial actions. Simplify: Regulates government officials' behaviour, protecting citizens from abuse and promoting good governance. These institutions collectively ensure the government regulates behaviour in line with constitutional values.