History Test (1).pdf

Here are the answers to your history questions: QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE PAN AFRICANIST CONGRESS (PAC) RESPOND TO THE APARTHEID GOVERNMENT'S REPRESSIVE MEASURES? 1.1.1 Define the term Apartheid in your own words. Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. It classified people by race and dictated where they could live, work, and go to school, ensuring white minority rule and suppressing the rights of non-white South Africans. 1.1.2 Who, according to the source, was the first president of the Pan Africanist Congress? According to Source 1A, the first president of the Pan Africanist Congress was Robert Mangaliso Sobukhwe. 1.1.3 Explain what is meant by Robert Sobukwe's leadership of the PAC, based on a vision of an 'Africa for Africans' which promoted mass action against discrimination. Robert Sobukwe's leadership of the PAC, based on an 'Africa for Africans' vision, meant advocating for a movement led by and for African people. This vision promoted mass action as a primary strategy to actively resist and challenge the discriminatory policies of the apartheid government, aiming to achieve liberation and self-determination for Africans in South Africa. 1.1.4 Using the source and your knowledge, explain why Robert Sobukwe was against the policy of multi-racialism. Robert Sobukwe was against the policy of multi-racialism, as practiced by the ANC at the time, because he believed in an Africanist approach where the liberation struggle should be led by Africans. Source 1A states that he believed in joining the PAC on an individual or 'non-racial' basis in united support for an African movement, rather than a party made up of different racial groups, which he felt diluted the focus on African self-determination. 1.2. Study Source 1B 1.2.1 Which suburb, according to the source, was untouched by anti-apartheid demonstrations? According to Source 1B, the suburb that was untouched by anti-apartheid demonstrations was Sharpeville. 1.2.2 Quote evidence from the source that shows that Sobukwe wanted to reduce the possibility of violence. "In order to reduce the possibility of violence, he wrote a letter to the Sharpeville police commissioner announcing the upcoming protest and emphasizing that its participants would be non-violent." 1.2.3 Using the source and your knowledge, comment on the implications of the campaign slogan: “NO BAIL”! NO DEFENCE! NO FINE!” The campaign slogan “NO BAIL! NO DEFENCE! NO FINE!” implied a strategy of civil disobedience and mass defiance. By refusing bail, legal defense, or paying fines, protesters aimed to overwhelm the apartheid justice system, fill the jails, and highlight the injustice of the Pass Laws, demonstrating their unwavering commitment to the cause and rejecting the legitimacy of the apartheid legal framework. 1.2.4 Explain what the shooting of people in the back show about the attitude of the police towards the Sharpeville protesters? The shooting of people in the back, as described in Source 1B, shows an extremely brutal and indiscriminate attitude from the police. It indicates a disregard for human life and a clear intent to kill or severely injure fleeing, unarmed protesters, rather than simply disperse them. This suggests a punitive and oppressive approach, viewing the protesters as enemies rather than citizens. 1.2.5 Explain how useful this source will be to a historian studying the protest march on 21 March 1960. Source 1B is highly useful to a historian studying the Sharpeville protest because it provides detailed information about the context (Sharpeville's prior lack of protests), the PAC's strategy (non-violent protest, campaign slogan), and the events of the day (police actions, casualties, conflicting witness accounts). It offers insights into the PAC's intentions and the tragic outcome, making it a crucial primary account for understanding the massacre. 1.3. Refer to Source 3C 1.3.1 Explain why you think this photograph was taken. This photograph was likely taken to document the events of the Sharpeville Massacre, capturing the brutal reality of the police response to the protest. It serves as visual evidence of the violence and the desperate flight of the protesters, intended to inform the public, expose the atrocities, and potentially garner international condemnation against the apartheid regime. 1.3.2 Why, according to the photograph, were people running? According to the photograph and its description in Source 1C, people were running because they were fleeing from bullets being fired by the police. 1.4 Consult Source 1D. 1.4.1 Who, according to the source, praised the police for their actions? According to Source 1D, Dr Verwoerd praised the police for their actions. 1.4.2 Define the term State of emergency in the context of the Sharpeville massacre. In the context of the Sharpeville massacre, a State of Emergency refers to a temporary governmental declaration that suspends normal civil liberties and grants extraordinary powers to the police and military. This was implemented by the apartheid government to suppress dissent, ban public meetings, and facilitate mass arrests of activists and leaders following the massacre, aiming to regain control and quell further resistance. 1.4.3 How, according to the source, did the government respond after the Sharpeville massacre? According to Source 1D, the government responded by: • Declaring a state of emergency. • Banning all public meetings. • Arresting thousands of Africans, including leaders like Robert Sobukwe. 1.4.4 Comment on why the government banned the ANC and PAC under the Unlawful Organizations Act. The government banned the ANC and PAC under the Unlawful Organizations Act because they were perceived as a serious threat to public safety and the stability of the apartheid state. Source 1D indicates that the government viewed these organizations as instigators of mass action and unrest, and the banning was a repressive measure to dismantle their leadership, suppress their activities, and prevent further challenges to white minority rule after the Sharpeville massacre. 3.5 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about SIX lines (about 60 words) on how the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) responded to the apartheid governments repressive measures. The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) responded to apartheid's repressive measures by advocating for an 'Africa for Africans' vision and promoting mass action against discrimination. They organized non-violent protests, such as the anti-Pass Laws campaign in Sharpeville, where they encouraged people to leave their passes at home and surrender for arrest, using slogans like "NO BAIL! NO DEFENCE! NO FINE!" This strategy aimed to overwhelm the system and highlight the injustice, despite facing brutal police violence and subsequent banning by the government. What's next? 📸