The causes of the French Revolution of 1789 were multifaceted, stemming from deep-seated social, economic, and political issues. Social Inequality: French society was rigidly divided into three estates. The First Estate (clergy) and Second Estate (nobility) enjoyed significant privileges, including exemption from most taxes, while the Third Estate (commoners, bourgeoisie, peasants) bore the brunt of taxation and lacked political representation. Economic Hardship: France faced severe financial difficulties due to costly wars, extravagant royal spending, and an inefficient tax system. Poor harvests in the years leading up to 1789 led to soaring food prices, widespread hunger, and discontent among the populace. Enlightenment Ideas: Philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu promoted ideas of liberty, equality, popular sovereignty, and the separation of powers. These ideals challenged the legitimacy of the absolute monarchy and the existing social order, inspiring many in the Third Estate to demand reform. Political Incompetence: King Louis XVI was perceived as an indecisive and weak ruler. His inability to address the nation's financial crisis and his resistance to meaningful reforms further fueled public anger and a desire for change.