In Yoruba, oaths are sworn before deities to --- with spiritual consequences for breaking them.

Here are the solutions to the questions:

9. In Yoruba, oaths are sworn before deities to --- with spiritual consequences for breaking them.

a) punitive measures

b) resolve conflicts

c) retributive

d) social

Explanation: In many traditional African societies, including among the Yoruba, oaths sworn before deities are a serious matter. They are often used to establish truth, ensure adherence to agreements, or settle disputes, with the belief that spiritual consequences will befall those who break them. The primary aim in such contexts is to resolve conflicts and maintain social order through divine accountability.
The correct option is b).
$\boxed{\text{b) resolve conflicts}}$

10. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in post-apartheid South Africa was found by ---

a) Nelson Mandela

b) Obasanjo Olusegun

c) Bishop Matthew Kukah

d) Bishop Desmond Tutu

Explanation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established in South Africa after the end of apartheid to investigate human rights violations committed during that period. It was chaired by the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Bishop Desmond Tutu, who played a pivotal role in its operation and philosophy. While Nelson Mandela was instrumental in its establishment as president, Tutu was its head.
The correct option is d).
$\boxed{\text{d) Bishop Desmond Tutu}}$