Outline the causes and effects of any one of the following: (i) Terrorism (ii) Refugee

Section I: The Constitution Step 1: (i) What do you understand by the term Constitution? (8 marks) The Constitution is the fundamental law of a country that sets out how the government is structured, organized and how it operates. It defines the powers and duties of different organs of government and protects the rights of citizens. Step 2: (ii) Outline stages involved in the enactment process of the Constitution? (8 marks) Stage 1: Formation of a constitution-making body, e.g., Committee of Experts. Stage 2: Drafting the constitution through research and consultations. Stage 3: Public participation where citizens give views through civic education and memoranda. Stage 4: Harmonization and finalization of the draft by the committee. Stage 5: Referendum where citizens vote yes or no. Stage 6: Promulgation by the head of state if approved. Step 3: (iii) How does the government ensure economic growth? (8 marks) The government ensures economic growth through: Implementing sound fiscal and monetary policies to control inflation and stabilize the economy. Investing in infrastructure like roads, electricity and ports to facilitate trade. Promoting investment by creating conducive business environment and incentives. Supporting agriculture and manufacturing through subsidies and loans. Enhancing human capital through education and health services. Section II: Universal Values Step 4: 1. What do you understand by the term Human Rights? (8 marks) Human rights are basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world simply because they are human. They are universal, inalienable, indivisible and interdependent. Examples include right to life, education, equality and freedom from torture. Step 5: 2. Explain the importance of Human Rights. (8 marks) Importance of human rights: They protect human dignity and ensure every person is treated with respect. Promote equality and non-discrimination among all people. Provide legal protection against abuse by state or individuals. Facilitate democracy by allowing freedom of expression and participation. Contribute to peace and stability in society. Empower individuals to achieve their full potential. Step 6: 3. Define Gender Equality. (8 marks) Gender equality means men and women enjoying the same rights, opportunities, responsibilities and protection from violence and discrimination, regardless of their sex. Step 7: 4. Outline measures put by the Government to fight Gender Inequality. (8 marks) Measures by government: Enacting laws like the Constitution Article 27 on equality and two-thirds gender rule. Affirmative action such as nominating women to positions (e.g., Women Enterprise Fund). Free primary education to reduce gender gap in schooling. Campaigns against harmful cultural practices like FGM through My Duty to Protect programme. Establishing Gender desks in police stations for handling gender violence. Step 8: 5. Outline the causes and effects of Gender Inequality. (5 marks) Causes: Cultural beliefs and practices that favor males e.g., early marriage. Poverty leading to preference for boy child education. Lack of awareness on gender rights. Weak enforcement of laws. Effects: Low development as half population not fully utilized. Increased gender-based violence and poor health. Slow economic growth due to low female participation. Violation of human rights and social instability. End!