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By differentiating from first principles, find the gradient function of the function f(x) = (2x−3)/x². Hence, or otherwise, find the equation of the tangent to the curve f(x) = (2x−3)/x² at the point where x = 2.

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Answers

2 parts
a

6−2xx3\frac{6-2x}{x^3}

b

y=14x−14y = \frac{1}{4}x - \frac{1}{4}

Graph of f(x) = (2x − 3)/x²

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Key points of f(x) = (2x − 3)/x²
Pointxy
x-intercept1.50

Step-by-step solution

8 steps

Part a· 5 steps

By differentiating from first principles, find the gradient function of the function f(x)=2x−3x2f(x) = \frac{2x-3}{x^2}.

  1. Write down the definition of the derivative from first principles.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}
  2. Find f(x+h)f(x+h) and substitute into the formula.

    Given f(x)=2x−3x2f(x) = \frac{2x-3}{x^2}, then f(x+h)=2(x+h)−3(x+h)2=2x+2h−3(x+h)2f(x+h) = \frac{2(x+h)-3}{(x+h)^2} = \frac{2x+2h-3}{(x+h)^2}.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→02x+2h−3(x+h)2−2x−3x2hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{2x+2h-3}{(x+h)^2} - \frac{2x-3}{x^2}}{h}
  3. Combine the fractions in the numerator.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→01h[x2(2x+2h−3)−(2x−3)(x+h)2x2(x+h)2]f'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{1}{h} \left[ \frac{x^2(2x+2h-3) - (2x-3)(x+h)^2}{x^2(x+h)^2} \right]

    Expand the terms in the numerator:

    x2(2x+2h−3)=2x3+2hx2−3x2x^2(2x+2h-3) = 2x^3+2hx^2-3x^2 (2x−3)(x+h)2=(2x−3)(x2+2xh+h2)=2x3+4hx2+2h2x−3x2−6xh−3h2(2x-3)(x+h)^2 = (2x-3)(x^2+2xh+h^2) = 2x^3+4hx^2+2h^2x - 3x^2-6xh-3h^2

    Subtract the expanded terms:

    (2x3+2hx2−3x2)−(2x3+4hx2+2h2x−3x2−6xh−3h2)(2x^3+2hx^2-3x^2) - (2x^3+4hx^2+2h^2x - 3x^2-6xh-3h^2) =2x3+2hx2−3x2−2x3−4hx2−2h2x+3x2+6xh+3h2= 2x^3+2hx^2-3x^2 - 2x^3-4hx^2-2h^2x + 3x^2+6xh+3h^2 =−2hx2−2h2x+6xh+3h2= -2hx^2 - 2h^2x + 6xh + 3h^2
  4. Substitute the simplified numerator back and cancel hh.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→0h(−2x2−2hx+6x+3h)h⋅x2(x+h)2f'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h(-2x^2 - 2hx + 6x + 3h)}{h \cdot x^2(x+h)^2} f′(x)=lim⁡h→0−2x2−2hx+6x+3hx2(x+h)2f'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{-2x^2 - 2hx + 6x + 3h}{x^2(x+h)^2}
  5. Evaluate the limit by setting h=0h=0.

    f′(x)=−2x2−2x(0)+6x+3(0)x2(x+0)2f'(x) = \frac{-2x^2 - 2x(0) + 6x + 3(0)}{x^2(x+0)^2} f′(x)=−2x2+6xx2(x2)f'(x) = \frac{-2x^2 + 6x}{x^2(x^2)} f′(x)=−2x2+6xx4f'(x) = \frac{-2x^2 + 6x}{x^4}

    Factor out xx from the numerator and simplify:

    f′(x)=x(−2x+6)x4f'(x) = \frac{x(-2x + 6)}{x^4} f′(x)=6−2xx3f'(x) = \boxed{\frac{6-2x}{x^3}}

Part b

y=14x−14y = \frac{1}{4}x - \frac{1}{4}

Hence, or otherwise, find the equation of the tangent to the curve f(x)=2x−3x2f(x) = \frac{2x-3}{x^2} at the point where x=2x = 2.

  1. Find the y-coordinate of the point of tangency.

    Substitute x=2x=2 into f(x)f(x):

    f(2)=2(2)−322=4−34=14f(2) = \frac{2(2)-3}{2^2} = \frac{4-3}{4} = \frac{1}{4}

    The point of tangency is (2,14)\left(2, \frac{1}{4}\right).

  2. Find the gradient (slope) of the tangent at x=2x=2.

    Use the gradient function f′(x)=6−2xx3f'(x) = \frac{6-2x}{x^3} found in part (a).

    m=f′(2)=6−2(2)23=6−48=28=14m = f'(2) = \frac{6-2(2)}{2^3} = \frac{6-4}{8} = \frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4}
  3. Use the point-slope form of a linear equation y−y1=m(x−x1)y - y_1 = m(x - x_1).

    y−14=14(x−2)y - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{4}(x - 2)

    Multiply by 4 to clear the fractions:

    4y−1=x−24y - 1 = x - 2

    Rearrange into the form y=mx+cy = mx+c:

    4y=x−14y = x - 1 y=14x−14y = \frac{1}{4}x - \frac{1}{4}

    The equation of the tangent is y=14x−14\boxed{y = \frac{1}{4}x - \frac{1}{4}}.

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