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Find the derivative of y = sqrt((x2 + 1)/(x2 - 1)).

Mathematics

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Step-by-step solution

10 steps

: Find the derivative of y=x2+1x2−1y = \sqrt{\frac{x^2 + 1}{x^2 - 1}}.

We can rewrite the function as y=(x2+1x2−1)1/2y = \left(\frac{x^2 + 1}{x^2 - 1}\right)^{1/2}.
We use the chain rule: dydx=12u−1/2dudx\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}u^{-1/2} \frac{du}{dx}, where u=x2+1x2−1u = \frac{x^2 + 1}{x^2 - 1}.

  1. Find dudx\frac{du}{dx} using the quotient rule.

    Let p=x2+1p = x^2 + 1 and q=x2−1q = x^2 - 1.
    Then p′=2xp' = 2x and q′=2xq' = 2x.

    dudx=p′q−pq′q2=(2x)(x2−1)−(x2+1)(2x)(x2−1)2\frac{du}{dx} = \frac{p'q - pq'}{q^2} = \frac{(2x)(x^2 - 1) - (x^2 + 1)(2x)}{(x^2 - 1)^2} dudx=2x3−2x−(2x3+2x)(x2−1)2\frac{du}{dx} = \frac{2x^3 - 2x - (2x^3 + 2x)}{(x^2 - 1)^2} dudx=2x3−2x−2x3−2x(x2−1)2\frac{du}{dx} = \frac{2x^3 - 2x - 2x^3 - 2x}{(x^2 - 1)^2} dudx=−4x(x2−1)2\frac{du}{dx} = \frac{-4x}{(x^2 - 1)^2}
  2. Apply the chain rule.

    dydx=12(x2+1x2−1)−1/2⋅(−4x(x2−1)2)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x^2 + 1}{x^2 - 1}\right)^{-1/2} \cdot \left(\frac{-4x}{(x^2 - 1)^2}\right) dydx=12(x2−1x2+1)1/2⋅(−4x(x2−1)2)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x^2 - 1}{x^2 + 1}\right)^{1/2} \cdot \left(\frac{-4x}{(x^2 - 1)^2}\right) dydx=12x2−1x2+1⋅−4x(x2−1)2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}}{\sqrt{x^2 + 1}} \cdot \frac{-4x}{(x^2 - 1)^2} dydx=−2xx2−1x2+1(x2−1)2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-2x \sqrt{x^2 - 1}}{\sqrt{x^2 + 1} (x^2 - 1)^2}

    Simplify the powers of (x2−1)(x^2 - 1): (x2−1)2=(x2−1)3/2(x2−1)1/2(x^2 - 1)^2 = (x^2 - 1)^{3/2} (x^2 - 1)^{1/2}.

    dydx=−2xx2+1(x2−1)3/2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-2x}{\sqrt{x^2 + 1} (x^2 - 1)^{3/2}}

    The derivative is:

    dydx=−2x(x2−1)3/2x2+1\boxed{\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-2x}{(x^2 - 1)^{3/2}\sqrt{x^2 + 1}}}

    : Find the derivative of f(x)=ln⁡(ex1+ex)f(x) = \ln\left(\frac{e^x}{1 + e^x}\right).

  3. Simplify the function using logarithm properties.

    f(x)=ln⁡(ex)−ln⁡(1+ex)f(x) = \ln(e^x) - \ln(1 + e^x) f(x)=x−ln⁡(1+ex)f(x) = x - \ln(1 + e^x)
  4. Differentiate f(x)f(x) with respect to xx.

    f′(x)=ddx(x)−ddx(ln⁡(1+ex))f'(x) = \frac{d}{dx}(x) - \frac{d}{dx}(\ln(1 + e^x)) f′(x)=1−11+ex⋅ddx(1+ex)f'(x) = 1 - \frac{1}{1 + e^x} \cdot \frac{d}{dx}(1 + e^x) f′(x)=1−11+ex⋅exf'(x) = 1 - \frac{1}{1 + e^x} \cdot e^x f′(x)=1−ex1+exf'(x) = 1 - \frac{e^x}{1 + e^x}

    Combine the terms:

    f′(x)=1+ex−ex1+exf'(x) = \frac{1 + e^x - e^x}{1 + e^x} f′(x)=11+exf'(x) = \frac{1}{1 + e^x}

    The derivative is:

    f′(x)=11+ex\boxed{f'(x) = \frac{1}{1 + e^x}}

    : Find the derivative of y=xln⁡xy = x^{\ln x}.

    We use logarithmic differentiation.

  5. Take the natural logarithm of both sides.

    ln⁡y=ln⁡(xln⁡x)\ln y = \ln(x^{\ln x})

    Use the logarithm property ln⁡(ab)=bln⁡a\ln(a^b) = b \ln a:

    ln⁡y=(ln⁡x)(ln⁡x)\ln y = (\ln x)(\ln x) ln⁡y=(ln⁡x)2\ln y = (\ln x)^2
  6. Differentiate both sides with respect to xx implicitly.

    1ydydx=2(ln⁡x)⋅ddx(ln⁡x)\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx} = 2(\ln x) \cdot \frac{d}{dx}(\ln x) 1ydydx=2(ln⁡x)⋅1x\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx} = 2(\ln x) \cdot \frac{1}{x}
  7. Solve for dydx\frac{dy}{dx}.

    dydx=y⋅2ln⁡xx\frac{dy}{dx} = y \cdot \frac{2 \ln x}{x}

    Substitute y=xln⁡xy = x^{\ln x} back into the equation:

    dydx=xln⁡x⋅2ln⁡xx\frac{dy}{dx} = x^{\ln x} \cdot \frac{2 \ln x}{x}

    Using the exponent rule aman=am−n\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}:

    dydx=2xln⁡x−1ln⁡x\frac{dy}{dx} = 2x^{\ln x - 1} \ln x

    The derivative is:

    dydx=2xln⁡x−1ln⁡x\boxed{\frac{dy}{dx} = 2x^{\ln x - 1} \ln x}

    : Find the derivative of y=(sin⁡x)cos⁡xy = (\sin x)^{\cos x}.

    We use logarithmic differentiation.

  8. Take the natural logarithm of both sides.

    ln⁡y=ln⁡((sin⁡x)cos⁡x)\ln y = \ln((\sin x)^{\cos x})

    Use the logarithm property ln⁡(ab)=bln⁡a\ln(a^b) = b \ln a:

    ln⁡y=(cos⁡x)(ln⁡(sin⁡x))\ln y = (\cos x)(\ln(\sin x))
  9. Differentiate both sides with respect to xx implicitly.

    Use the product rule on the right side.

    1ydydx=ddx(cos⁡x)⋅ln⁡(sin⁡x)+cos⁡x⋅ddx(ln⁡(sin⁡x))\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(\cos x) \cdot \ln(\sin x) + \cos x \cdot \frac{d}{dx}(\ln(\sin x))

    We know ddx(cos⁡x)=−sin⁡x\frac{d}{dx}(\cos x) = -\sin x.
    For ddx(ln⁡(sin⁡x))\frac{d}{dx}(\ln(\sin x)), use the chain rule: 1sin⁡x⋅ddx(sin⁡x)=1sin⁡x⋅cos⁡x=cot⁡x\frac{1}{\sin x} \cdot \frac{d}{dx}(\sin x) = \frac{1}{\sin x} \cdot \cos x = \cot x.
    So,

    1ydydx=(−sin⁡x)(ln⁡(sin⁡x))+(cos⁡x)(cot⁡x)\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx} = (-\sin x)(\ln(\sin x)) + (\cos x)(\cot x)
  10. Solve for dydx\frac{dy}{dx}.

    dydx=y(−sin⁡xln⁡(sin⁡x)+cos⁡xcot⁡x)\frac{dy}{dx} = y \left( -\sin x \ln(\sin x) + \cos x \cot x \right)

    Substitute y=(sin⁡x)cos⁡xy = (\sin x)^{\cos x} back into the equation:

    dydx=(sin⁡x)cos⁡x(−sin⁡xln⁡(sin⁡x)+cos⁡2xsin⁡x)\frac{dy}{dx} = (\sin x)^{\cos x} \left( -\sin x \ln(\sin x) + \frac{\cos^2 x}{\sin x} \right)

    The derivative is:

    dydx=(sin⁡x)cos⁡x(cos⁡2xsin⁡x−sin⁡xln⁡(sin⁡x))\boxed{\frac{dy}{dx} = (\sin x)^{\cos x} \left( \frac{\cos^2 x}{\sin x} - \sin x \ln(\sin x) \right)}
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