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Express 3 x - 4 x in the form R(x + lambda), where R>0 and 0 < lambda < 90^.

Mathematics

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Answer

5cos⁡(x+53.13∘)5\cos(x + 53.13^\circ)

Step-by-step solution

5 steps

To express 3cos⁡x−4sin⁡x3\cos x - 4\sin x in the form Rcos⁡(x+λ)R\cos(x + \lambda), we use the compound angle formula for cosine:
cos⁡(A+B)=cos⁡Acos⁡B−sin⁡Asin⁡B\cos(A+B) = \cos A \cos B - \sin A \sin B.

  1. Expand Rcos⁡(x+λ)R\cos(x + \lambda).

    Rcos⁡(x+λ)=R(cos⁡xcos⁡λ−sin⁡xsin⁡λ)R\cos(x + \lambda) = R(\cos x \cos \lambda - \sin x \sin \lambda) Rcos⁡(x+λ)=(Rcos⁡λ)cos⁡x−(Rsin⁡λ)sin⁡xR\cos(x + \lambda) = (R\cos \lambda)\cos x - (R\sin \lambda)\sin x
  2. Compare coefficients with 3cos⁡x−4sin⁡x3\cos x - 4\sin x.

    By comparing the coefficients of cos⁡x\cos x and sin⁡x\sin x:

    Rcos⁡λ=3(Equation 1)R\cos \lambda = 3 \quad \text{(Equation 1)} Rsin⁡λ=4(Equation 2)R\sin \lambda = 4 \quad \text{(Equation 2)}
  3. Find RR.

    Square both equations and add them:

    (Rcos⁡λ)2+(Rsin⁡λ)2=32+42(R\cos \lambda)^2 + (R\sin \lambda)^2 = 3^2 + 4^2 R2cos⁡2λ+R2sin⁡2λ=9+16R^2\cos^2 \lambda + R^2\sin^2 \lambda = 9 + 16 R2(cos⁡2λ+sin⁡2λ)=25R^2(\cos^2 \lambda + \sin^2 \lambda) = 25

    Since cos⁡2λ+sin⁡2λ=1\cos^2 \lambda + \sin^2 \lambda = 1:

    R2=25R^2 = 25

    Given R>0R > 0:

    R=25=5R = \sqrt{25} = 5
  4. Find λ\lambda.

    Divide Equation 2 by Equation 1:

    Rsin⁡λRcos⁡λ=43\frac{R\sin \lambda}{R\cos \lambda} = \frac{4}{3} tan⁡λ=43\tan \lambda = \frac{4}{3}

    Since 0<λ<90∘0 < \lambda < 90^\circ, λ\lambda is in the first quadrant.

    λ=arctan⁡(43)\lambda = \arctan\left(\frac{4}{3}\right) λ≈53.13∘\lambda \approx 53.13^\circ
  5. Write the final expression.

    Substitute the values of RR and λ\lambda into Rcos⁡(x+λ)R\cos(x + \lambda):

    3cos⁡x−4sin⁡x=5cos⁡(x+53.13∘)3\cos x - 4\sin x = 5\cos(x + 53.13^\circ)

    The final answer is 5cos⁡(x+53.13∘)5\cos(x + 53.13^\circ).

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