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Express cos6θ in terms of powers of cosθ using De Moivre's Theorem.

Mathematics

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Answer

32cos⁡6θ−48cos⁡4θ+18cos⁡2θ−132 \cos^6 \theta - 48 \cos^4 \theta + 18 \cos^2 \theta - 1

Step-by-step solution

5 steps
  1. Apply De Moivre's Theorem for n=6n=6.

    De Moivre's Theorem states that (cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ)n=cos⁡(nθ)+isin⁡(nθ)(\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)^n = \cos(n\theta) + i \sin(n\theta).
    For n=6n=6, we have:

    (cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ)6=cos⁡(6θ)+isin⁡(6θ)(\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)^6 = \cos(6\theta) + i \sin(6\theta)
  2. Expand the left side using the binomial theorem.

    Let c=cos⁡θc = \cos \theta and s=sin⁡θs = \sin \theta.

    (c+is)6=(60)c6+(61)c5(is)+(62)c4(is)2+(63)c3(is)3+(64)c2(is)4+(65)c(is)5+(66)(is)6(c + is)^6 = \binom{6}{0}c^6 + \binom{6}{1}c^5(is) + \binom{6}{2}c^4(is)^2 + \binom{6}{3}c^3(is)^3 + \binom{6}{4}c^2(is)^4 + \binom{6}{5}c(is)^5 + \binom{6}{6}(is)^6

    Substitute the binomial coefficients (60)=1,(61)=6,(62)=15,(63)=20,(64)=15,(65)=6,(66)=1\binom{6}{0}=1, \binom{6}{1}=6, \binom{6}{2}=15, \binom{6}{3}=20, \binom{6}{4}=15, \binom{6}{5}=6, \binom{6}{6}=1 and powers of ii (i2=−1,i3=−i,i4=1,i5=i,i6=−1i^2=-1, i^3=-i, i^4=1, i^5=i, i^6=-1):

    =1⋅c6+6⋅c5(is)+15⋅c4(−s2)+20⋅c3(−is3)+15⋅c2(s4)+6⋅c(is5)+1⋅(−s6)= 1 \cdot c^6 + 6 \cdot c^5 (is) + 15 \cdot c^4 (-s^2) + 20 \cdot c^3 (-is^3) + 15 \cdot c^2 (s^4) + 6 \cdot c (is^5) + 1 \cdot (-s^6) =c6+6ic5s−15c4s2−20ic3s3+15c2s4+6ics5−s6= c^6 + 6ic^5s - 15c^4s^2 - 20ic^3s^3 + 15c^2s^4 + 6ics^5 - s^6
  3. Equate the real part of the expansion to cos⁡(6θ)\cos(6\theta).

    The real terms are those without ii:

    cos⁡(6θ)=c6−15c4s2+15c2s4−s6\cos(6\theta) = c^6 - 15c^4s^2 + 15c^2s^4 - s^6

    Substitute back c=cos⁡θc = \cos \theta and s=sin⁡θs = \sin \theta:

    cos⁡(6θ)=cos⁡6θ−15cos⁡4θsin⁡2θ+15cos⁡2θsin⁡4θ−sin⁡6θ\cos(6\theta) = \cos^6 \theta - 15 \cos^4 \theta \sin^2 \theta + 15 \cos^2 \theta \sin^4 \theta - \sin^6 \theta
  4. Replace sin⁡2θ\sin^2 \theta with (1−cos⁡2θ)(1 - \cos^2 \theta).

    cos⁡(6θ)=cos⁡6θ−15cos⁡4θ(1−cos⁡2θ)+15cos⁡2θ(1−cos⁡2θ)2−(1−cos⁡2θ)3\cos(6\theta) = \cos^6 \theta - 15 \cos^4 \theta (1 - \cos^2 \theta) + 15 \cos^2 \theta (1 - \cos^2 \theta)^2 - (1 - \cos^2 \theta)^3
  5. Expand and simplify the expression.

    Let x=cos⁡2θx = \cos^2 \theta.

    cos⁡(6θ)=x3−15x2(1−x)+15x(1−x)2−(1−x)3\cos(6\theta) = x^3 - 15x^2(1-x) + 15x(1-x)^2 - (1-x)^3 =x3−15x2+15x3+15x(1−2x+x2)−(1−3x+3x2−x3)= x^3 - 15x^2 + 15x^3 + 15x(1 - 2x + x^2) - (1 - 3x + 3x^2 - x^3) =x3−15x2+15x3+15x−30x2+15x3−1+3x−3x2+x3= x^3 - 15x^2 + 15x^3 + 15x - 30x^2 + 15x^3 - 1 + 3x - 3x^2 + x^3

    Group terms by powers of xx:

    x3:(1+15+15+1)x3=32x3x^3: (1 + 15 + 15 + 1)x^3 = 32x^3 x2:(−15−30−3)x2=−48x2x^2: (-15 - 30 - 3)x^2 = -48x^2 x:(15+3)x=18xx: (15 + 3)x = 18x Constant:−1Constant: -1

    Substitute x=cos⁡2θx = \cos^2 \theta back into the simplified expression:

    cos⁡(6θ)=32cos⁡6θ−48cos⁡4θ+18cos⁡2θ−1\cos(6\theta) = 32 \cos^6 \theta - 48 \cos^4 \theta + 18 \cos^2 \theta - 1

    The final answer is 32cos⁡6θ−48cos⁡4θ+18cos⁡2θ−132 \cos^6 \theta - 48 \cos^4 \theta + 18 \cos^2 \theta - 1.

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