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Evaluate the following limits: 1. lim (x3 - 27)/(x2 - 9) as x approaches 3. 2. lim (sqrt(x+2) - 3)/(x-7) as x approaches 7.

Mathematics

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Here are the solutions to the limit problems.

  1. We need to evaluate the limit: lim⁡x→3x3−27x2−9\lim_{x \to 3} \frac{x^3 - 27}{x^2 - 9}
  1. Substitute x=3x=3 into the expression.

    $$
    \frac{3^3 - 27}{3^2 - 9} = \frac{27 - 27}{9 - 9} = \frac{0}{0}
    $$
    This is an indeterminate form, so we need to simplify the expression.
    
  2. Factor the numerator and the denominator.

    Use the difference of cubes formula a3−b3=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2) and the difference of squares formula a2−b2=(a−b)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a-b)(a+b). x3−27=(x−3)(x2+3x+9) x^3 - 27 = (x-3)(x^2 + 3x + 9) x2−9=(x−3)(x+3) x^2 - 9 = (x-3)(x+3)

  3. Rewrite the limit with the factored expressions and cancel out the common term (x−3)(x-3).

    $$
    \lim_{x \to 3} \frac{(x-3)(x^2 + 3x + 9)}{(x-3)(x+3)} = \lim_{x \to 3} \frac{x^2 + 3x + 9}{x+3}
    $$
    
  4. Substitute x=3x=3 into the simplified expression.

    $$
    \frac{3^2 + 3(3) + 9}{3+3} = \frac{9 + 9 + 9}{6} = \frac{27}{6}
    $$
    
  5. Simplify the fraction.

    $$
    \frac{27}{6} = \frac{9}{2}
    $$
    The limit is $\boxed{\frac{9}{2}}$.
    

    2. We need to evaluate the limit: lim⁡x→7x+2−3x−7 \lim_{x \to 7} \frac{\sqrt{x+2} - 3}{x-7}

  6. Substitute x=7x=7 into the expression.

    $$
    \frac{\sqrt{7+2} - 3}{7-7} = \frac{\sqrt{9} - 3}{0} = \frac{3-3}{0} = \frac{0}{0}
    $$
    This is an indeterminate form, so we need to simplify the expression.
    
  7. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the numerator, which is x+2+3\sqrt{x+2} + 3.

    $$
    \lim_{x \to 7} \frac{\sqrt{x+2} - 3}{x-7} \times \frac{\sqrt{x+2} + 3}{\sqrt{x+2} + 3}
    $$
    
  8. Simplify the numerator using the difference of squares formula (a−b)(a+b)=a2−b2(a-b)(a+b) = a^2 - b^2.

    $$
    (\sqrt{x+2})^2 - 3^2 = (x+2) - 9 = x-7
    $$
    
  9. Rewrite the limit with the simplified numerator.

    $$
    \lim_{x \to 7} \frac{x-7}{(x-7)(\sqrt{x+2} + 3)}
    $$
    
  10. Cancel out the common term (x−7)(x-7).

    $$
    \lim_{x \to 7} \frac{1}{\sqrt{x+2} + 3}
    $$
    
  11. Substitute x=7x=7 into the simplified expression.

    $$
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{7+2} + 3} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{9} + 3} = \frac{1}{3+3} = \frac{1}{6}
    $$
    The limit is $\boxed{\frac{1}{6}}$.
    

    3. We need to evaluate the limit: lim⁡x→∞4x2−5x+19x4+2x2−6 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{4x^2 - 5x + 1}{\sqrt{9x^4 + 2x^2 - 6}}

  12. Identify the highest power of xx in the denominator.

    Inside the square root, the highest power is x4x^4, so x4=x2\sqrt{x^4} = x^2.

  13. Divide every term in the numerator and the denominator by x2x^2.

    For terms inside the square root, divide by x4x^4. lim⁡x→∞4x2x2−5xx2+1x29x4x4+2x2x4−6x4 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{4x^2}{x^2} - \frac{5x}{x^2} + \frac{1}{x^2}}{\sqrt{\frac{9x^4}{x^4} + \frac{2x^2}{x^4} - \frac{6}{x^4}}}

  14. Simplify the terms.

    $$
    \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{4 - \frac{5}{x} + \frac{1}{x^2}}{\sqrt{9 + \frac{2}{x^2} - \frac{6}{x^4}}}
    $$
    
  15. Apply the limit.

    As x→∞x \to \infty, terms of the form cxn\frac{c}{x^n} approach 0. 4−0+09+0−0=49 \frac{4 - 0 + 0}{\sqrt{9 + 0 - 0}} = \frac{4}{\sqrt{9}}

  16. Simplify the expression.

    $$
    \frac{4}{3}
    $$
    The limit is $\boxed{\frac{4}{3}}$.
    

    4. We need to evaluate the limit: lim⁡x→0sin⁡(5x)tan⁡(3x) \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(5x)}{\tan(3x)}

  17. Rewrite tan⁡(3x)\tan(3x) in terms of sin⁡(3x)\sin(3x) and cos⁡(3x)\cos(3x).

    $$
    \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(5x)}{\frac{\sin(3x)}{\cos(3x)}} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(5x) \cos(3x)}{\sin(3x)}
    $$
    
  18. Rearrange the terms to use the special limit lim⁡u→0sin⁡uu=1\lim_{u \to 0} \frac{\sin u}{u} = 1.

    $$
    \lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{\sin(5x)}{5x} \cdot \frac{3x}{\sin(3x)} \cdot \frac{5x}{3x} \cdot \cos(3x) \right)
    $$
    
  19. Simplify the expression and apply the limit properties.

    $$
    \lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{\sin(5x)}{5x} \right) \cdot \lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{3x}{\sin(3x)} \right) \cdot \lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{5}{3} \right) \cdot \lim_{x \to 0} \left( \cos(3x) \right)
    $$
    
  20. Evaluate each limit.

    $$
    1 \cdot 1 \cdot \frac{5}{3} \cdot \cos(0) = 1 \cdot 1 \cdot \frac{5}{3} \cdot 1 = \frac{5}{3}
    $$
    The limit is $\boxed{\frac{5}{3}}$.
    

    5. There are two problems labeled '5'. I will solve both.

    *   First :
        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos x}{x^2}
        $$
    
  21. This is a standard limit.

    We can use the identity 1−cos⁡x=2sin⁡2(x2)1 - \cos x = 2 \sin^2\left(\frac{x}{2}\right). lim⁡x→02sin⁡2(x2)x2 \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2 \sin^2\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{x^2}

  22. Rearrange the terms to use the special limit lim⁡u→0sin⁡uu=1\lim_{u \to 0} \frac{\sin u}{u} = 1.

        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} 2 \cdot \frac{\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{x} \cdot \frac{\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{x}
        $$
    
  23. Multiply and divide by 12\frac{1}{2} for each sin⁡(x2)x\frac{\sin(\frac{x}{2})}{x} term.

        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} 2 \cdot \frac{\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{\frac{x}{2} \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{\frac{x}{2} \cdot 2}
        $$
    
  24. Simplify and apply the limit.

        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left( \frac{\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{\frac{x}{2}} \right) \cdot \left( \frac{\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{\frac{x}{2}} \right) = 2 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{2}
        $$
        Alternatively, using L'Hôpital's Rule (since substituting $x=0$ gives $\frac{0}{0}$):
    
  25. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{d}{dx}(1 - \cos x)}{\frac{d}{dx}(x^2)} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{2x}
        $$
    
  26. Rearrange the terms.

        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin x}{x}
        $$
    
  27. Apply the special limit lim⁡x→0sin⁡xx=1\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1.

        $$
        \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{2}
        $$
        The limit is $\boxed{\frac{1}{2}}$.
    
    *   Second :
        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos x}{x}
        $$
    
  28. Substitute x=0x=0 into the expression.

        $$
        \frac{1 - \cos 0}{0} = \frac{1 - 1}{0} = \frac{0}{0}
        $$
        This is an indeterminate form, so we can use L'Hôpital's Rule.
    
  29. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

        $$
        \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{d}{dx}(1 - \cos x)}{\frac{d}{dx}(x)} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{1}
        $$
    
  30. Substitute x=0x=0 into the simplified expression.

        $$
        \sin(0) = 0
        $$
        The limit is $\boxed{0}$.
    
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