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Evaluate the integral of tan2(x)sec(x).

Mathematics

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Step-by-step solution

6 steps
  1. Use the trigonometric identity tan⁡2x=sec⁡2x−1\tan^2 x = \sec^2 x - 1 to rewrite the integrand.

    ∫tan⁡2xsec⁡x dx=∫(sec⁡2x−1)sec⁡x dx\int \tan^2 x \sec x \, dx = \int (\sec^2 x - 1) \sec x \, dx
  2. Distribute sec⁡x\sec x and split the integral into two parts.

    ∫(sec⁡3x−sec⁡x) dx=∫sec⁡3x dx−∫sec⁡x dx\int (\sec^3 x - \sec x) \, dx = \int \sec^3 x \, dx - \int \sec x \, dx
  3. Evaluate the integral of sec⁡x\sec x.

    ∫sec⁡x dx=ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣\int \sec x \, dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x|
  4. Evaluate the integral of sec⁡3x\sec^3 x using integration by parts.

    Let I=∫sec⁡3x dxI = \int \sec^3 x \, dx.
    We use integration by parts: ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du.
    Let u=sec⁡xu = \sec x and dv=sec⁡2x dxdv = \sec^2 x \, dx.
    Then du=sec⁡xtan⁡x dxdu = \sec x \tan x \, dx and v=tan⁡xv = \tan x.

    I=sec⁡xtan⁡x−∫tan⁡x(sec⁡xtan⁡x) dxI = \sec x \tan x - \int \tan x (\sec x \tan x) \, dx I=sec⁡xtan⁡x−∫sec⁡xtan⁡2x dxI = \sec x \tan x - \int \sec x \tan^2 x \, dx

    Substitute tan⁡2x=sec⁡2x−1\tan^2 x = \sec^2 x - 1 again:

    I=sec⁡xtan⁡x−∫sec⁡x(sec⁡2x−1) dxI = \sec x \tan x - \int \sec x (\sec^2 x - 1) \, dx I=sec⁡xtan⁡x−∫(sec⁡3x−sec⁡x) dxI = \sec x \tan x - \int (\sec^3 x - \sec x) \, dx I=sec⁡xtan⁡x−∫sec⁡3x dx+∫sec⁡x dxI = \sec x \tan x - \int \sec^3 x \, dx + \int \sec x \, dx I=sec⁡xtan⁡x−I+ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣I = \sec x \tan x - I + \ln|\sec x + \tan x|

    Now, solve for II:

    2I=sec⁡xtan⁡x+ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣2I = \sec x \tan x + \ln|\sec x + \tan x| I=12sec⁡xtan⁡x+12ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣I = \frac{1}{2} \sec x \tan x + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec x + \tan x|
  5. Combine the results from Step 3 and Step 4.

    Substitute the expressions for ∫sec⁡3x dx\int \sec^3 x \, dx and ∫sec⁡x dx\int \sec x \, dx back into the equation from Step 2:

    ∫sec⁡3x dx−∫sec⁡x dx=(12sec⁡xtan⁡x+12ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣)−(ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣)+C\int \sec^3 x \, dx - \int \sec x \, dx = \left( \frac{1}{2} \sec x \tan x + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec x + \tan x| \right) - \left( \ln|\sec x + \tan x| \right) + C
  6. Simplify the expression.

    12sec⁡xtan⁡x+12ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣−ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣+C\frac{1}{2} \sec x \tan x + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec x + \tan x| - \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C 12sec⁡xtan⁡x−12ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣+C\frac{1}{2} \sec x \tan x - \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C

    The final answer is 12sec⁡xtan⁡x−12ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣+C\boxed{\frac{1}{2} \sec x \tan x - \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C}.

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