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Evaluate the limit: lim (x->0) [tan(2x) - sin(2x)] / x3

Mathematics

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Answer

4\text{4}

Step-by-step solution

6 steps
  1. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution.

    Substituting x=0x=0 into the expression gives:

    tan⁡(2⋅0)−sin⁡(2⋅0)03=tan⁡(0)−sin⁡(0)0=0−00=00\frac{\tan(2 \cdot 0) - \sin(2 \cdot 0)}{0^3} = \frac{\tan(0) - \sin(0)}{0} = \frac{0 - 0}{0} = \frac{0}{0}

    This is an indeterminate form, so we can use L'Hôpital's Rule or Taylor series expansions. We will use Taylor series expansions.

  2. Write down the Taylor series expansions for tan⁡(u)\tan(u) and sin⁡(u)\sin(u) around u=0u=0.

    The Taylor series for tan⁡(u)\tan(u) up to the third order is:

    tan⁡(u)=u+u33+O(u5)\tan(u) = u + \frac{u^3}{3} + O(u^5)

    The Taylor series for sin⁡(u)\sin(u) up to the third order is:

    sin⁡(u)=u−u33!+O(u5)\sin(u) = u - \frac{u^3}{3!} + O(u^5)
  3. Substitute u=2xu=2x into the Taylor series expansions.

    For tan⁡(2x)\tan(2x):

    tan⁡(2x)=(2x)+(2x)33+O((2x)5)=2x+8x33+O(x5)\tan(2x) = (2x) + \frac{(2x)^3}{3} + O((2x)^5) = 2x + \frac{8x^3}{3} + O(x^5)

    For sin⁡(2x)\sin(2x):

    sin⁡(2x)=(2x)−(2x)33!+O((2x)5)=2x−8x36+O(x5)=2x−4x33+O(x5)\sin(2x) = (2x) - \frac{(2x)^3}{3!} + O((2x)^5) = 2x - \frac{8x^3}{6} + O(x^5) = 2x - \frac{4x^3}{3} + O(x^5)
  4. Substitute these expansions into the original limit expression.

    lim⁡x→0(2x+8x33+O(x5))−(2x−4x33+O(x5))x3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\left(2x + \frac{8x^3}{3} + O(x^5)\right) - \left(2x - \frac{4x^3}{3} + O(x^5)\right)}{x^3}
  5. Simplify the numerator.

    lim⁡x→02x+8x33−2x+4x33+O(x5)x3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2x + \frac{8x^3}{3} - 2x + \frac{4x^3}{3} + O(x^5)}{x^3}

    Combine the x3x^3 terms:

    lim⁡x→0(83+43)x3+O(x5)x3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\left(\frac{8}{3} + \frac{4}{3}\right)x^3 + O(x^5)}{x^3} lim⁡x→0123x3+O(x5)x3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{12}{3}x^3 + O(x^5)}{x^3} lim⁡x→04x3+O(x5)x3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{4x^3 + O(x^5)}{x^3}
  6. Divide each term in the numerator by x3x^3 and evaluate the limit.

    lim⁡x→0(4x3x3+O(x5)x3)\lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{4x^3}{x^3} + \frac{O(x^5)}{x^3} \right) lim⁡x→0(4+O(x2))\lim_{x \to 0} \left( 4 + O(x^2) \right)

    As x→0x \to 0, the term O(x2)O(x^2) approaches 0.
    Therefore, the limit is:

    4+0=44 + 0 = 4

    The final answer is 4\text{4}.

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