Briefly state and explain the five management functions in tourism and hospitality.

Question 1 (4 marks): Factors of production in tourism and hospitality sector Land: Natural resources such as beautiful landscapes, beaches, climate, and wildlife attractions. Labour: Human resources including skilled staff like chefs, tour guides, and hotel managers. Capital: Man-made resources like hotels, transport vehicles, and equipment. Entrepreneurship: Risk-taking innovators who organize the other factors, e.g., hotel owners. Factors: Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneurship Question 2 (4 marks): Four measures of national income &1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)\\ &2. Gross National Product (GNP)\\ &3. Net National Product (NNP)\\ &4. National Income (NI at factor cost) GDP, GNP, NNP, NI Question 3 (4 marks): Differences between fixed costs and variable costs Fixed costs remain constant regardless of output level. Variable costs change with output level. Examples of fixed costs: Rent, Insurance. Examples of variable costs: Raw materials, Direct labour wages. Fixed: constant (rent, insurance); Variable: vary (materials, wages) Question 4 (4 marks): Two examples of business contributions to taxes 1. Paying corporate income tax on profits. 2. Collecting and remitting Value Added Tax (VAT) or sales tax from customers. Corporate tax, VAT Question 5/9 (5 marks): Five management functions in tourism and hospitality 1. Planning: Setting objectives, e.g., forecasting tourist arrivals. 2. Organising: Arranging resources, e.g., staffing hotels. 3. Staffing: Recruiting and training employees like guides. 4. Directing/Leading: Motivating staff to provide excellent service. 5. Controlling: Monitoring performance, e.g., guest satisfaction surveys. Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Controlling Question 6/10 (1 mark): What is management? Management is the process of planning, organising, leading and controlling organisational resources to achieve goals efficiently. Planning, organising, leading, controlling resources to achieve goals