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Resolve 4 theta - 3 theta + theta - 1 into factors.

Mathematics

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To resolve the expression tan⁡4θ−tan⁡3θ+tan⁡θ−1\tan^4 \theta - \tan^3 \theta + \tan \theta - 1 into factors.

  1. Let x=tan⁡θx = \tan \theta.

    Substitute xx into the expression.

    x4−x3+x−1x^4 - x^3 + x - 1
  2. Group the terms.

    (x4−x3)+(x−1)(x^4 - x^3) + (x - 1)
  3. Factor out the common term from the first group.

    x3(x−1)+(x−1)x^3(x - 1) + (x - 1)
  4. Factor out the common binomial factor (x−1)(x - 1).

    (x−1)(x3+1)(x - 1)(x^3 + 1)
  5. Recognize that x3+1x^3 + 1 is a sum of cubes, which can be factored using the formula a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b2)a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2 - ab + b^2).

    Here, a=xa=x and b=1b=1.

    (x−1)(x+1)(x2−x+1)(x - 1)(x + 1)(x^2 - x + 1)
  6. Substitute back tan⁡θ\tan \theta for xx.

    (tan⁡θ−1)(tan⁡θ+1)(tan⁡2θ−tan⁡θ+1)(\tan \theta - 1)(\tan \theta + 1)(\tan^2 \theta - \tan \theta + 1)

    The factored expression is:

    (tan⁡θ−1)(tan⁡θ+1)(tan⁡2θ−tan⁡θ+1)\boxed{(\tan \theta - 1)(\tan \theta + 1)(\tan^2 \theta - \tan \theta + 1)}
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