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Find the set of values taken by y = 1/(x²+6x+5) for real values of x.

Mathematics

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Answer

(−∞,−14]∪(0,∞)\left(-\infty, -\frac{1}{4}\right] \cup (0, \infty)

Graph of y = 1/(x² + 6x + 5)

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Key points of y = 1/(x² + 6x + 5)
Pointxy
Maximum−3−0.25
y-intercept00.2

Step-by-step solution

4 steps
  1. Rearrange the given equation to form a quadratic equation in terms of xx.

    The given equation is y=1x2+6x+5y = \frac{1}{x^2+6x+5}.
    Assuming y≠0y \ne 0, we can rewrite this as:

    x2+6x+5=1yx^2+6x+5 = \frac{1}{y}

    Rearranging into the standard quadratic form ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0:

    x2+6x+(5−1y)=0x^2+6x+\left(5-\frac{1}{y}\right) = 0
  2. For xx to be a real number, the discriminant of this quadratic equation must be non-negative.

    The quadratic equation is x2+6x+(5−1y)=0x^2+6x+\left(5-\frac{1}{y}\right) = 0, where a=1a=1, b=6b=6, and c=5−1yc=5-\frac{1}{y}.
    The discriminant Δ\Delta is given by the formula Δ=b2−4ac\Delta = b^2-4ac.

    Δ=(6)2−4(1)(5−1y)\Delta = (6)^2 - 4(1)\left(5-\frac{1}{y}\right) Δ=36−4(5−1y)\Delta = 36 - 4\left(5-\frac{1}{y}\right) Δ=36−20+4y\Delta = 36 - 20 + \frac{4}{y} Δ=16+4y\Delta = 16 + \frac{4}{y}
  3. Set the discriminant to be non-negative and solve the inequality for yy.

    For real values of xx, we must have Δ≥0\Delta \ge 0.

    16+4y≥016 + \frac{4}{y} \ge 0

    Combine the terms on the left side by finding a common denominator:

    16yy+4y≥0\frac{16y}{y} + \frac{4}{y} \ge 0 16y+4y≥0\frac{16y+4}{y} \ge 0

    Factor out 4 from the numerator:

    4(4y+1)y≥0\frac{4(4y+1)}{y} \ge 0
  4. Determine the intervals for yy that satisfy the inequality.

    The critical points are where the numerator is zero (4y+1=0  ⟹  y=−144y+1=0 \implies y = -\frac{1}{4}) and where the denominator is zero (y=0y=0).
    We must exclude y=0y=0 because it makes the original function undefined.

    We analyze the sign of the expression 4(4y+1)y\frac{4(4y+1)}{y} in the intervals defined by the critical points:

    • For y<−14y < -\frac{1}{4} (e.g., y=−1y=-1): 4(4(−1)+1)−1=4(−3)−1=12≥0\frac{4(4(-1)+1)}{-1} = \frac{4(-3)}{-1} = 12 \ge 0. This interval is valid.
    • For −14<y<0-\frac{1}{4} < y < 0 (e.g., y=−0.1y=-0.1): 4(4(−0.1)+1)−0.1=4(0.6)−0.1=−24<0\frac{4(4(-0.1)+1)}{-0.1} = \frac{4(0.6)}{-0.1} = -24 < 0. This interval is not valid.
    • For y>0y > 0 (e.g., y=1y=1): 4(4(1)+1)1=4(5)1=20≥0\frac{4(4(1)+1)}{1} = \frac{4(5)}{1} = 20 \ge 0. This interval is valid.

    Since the inequality is ≥0\ge 0, y=−14y = -\frac{1}{4} is included in the solution. y=0y=0 is excluded.
    Combining the valid intervals, the set of values for yy is (−∞,−14]∪(0,∞)(-\infty, -\frac{1}{4}] \cup (0, \infty).

    The set of values taken by yy is (−∞,−14]∪(0,∞)\boxed{\left(-\infty, -\frac{1}{4}\right] \cup (0, \infty)}.

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