Here are the proofs for the given statements:
3.1 Prove that S^=x
Step 1: Use the Tangent-Chord Theorem.
The angle between the tangent VP and the chord PR is P^1.
P^1=∠RQP(Tangent−ChordTheorem)
Given P^1=x, so ∠RQP=x.
Step 2: Use properties of parallel lines.
We are given that VTS∥RQ.
Consider QS as a transversal intersecting the parallel lines RQ and VS.