This mathematics problem involves applying core mathematical principles and formulas. Below you will find a complete step-by-step solution with detailed explanations for each step, helping you understand not just the answer but the method behind it.

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Another one kamogelo — let's solve it.
4.1 Step 1: Identify the relationship between the angles. The angles , , and lie on the straight line ABC. The sum of angles on a straight line is .
Step 2: Set up and solve the equation for . Reason: Angles on a straight line.
The value of is .
4.2 Step 1: Identify parallel lines and transversals. The lines PQ and RS are parallel (indicated by the arrows). The other two lines are transversals.
Step 2: Find the size of . Angle and the angle (at P) are alternate interior angles. Since PQ is parallel to RS, alternate interior angles are equal. Reason: Alternate interior angles (PQ RS).
Step 3: Find the size of . Angle and the angle (at Q) are alternate interior angles. Since PQ is parallel to RS, alternate interior angles are equal. Reason: Alternate interior angles (PQ RS).
Step 4: Find the size of . Consider the triangle formed by the intersection of the two transversals and the line segment RS. The angles at R and S within this triangle are and . The angle vertically opposite to is the third angle in this triangle. The sum of angles in a triangle is . Let the angle at the intersection point inside the triangle be . Angle is vertically opposite to . Vertically opposite angles are equal. Reason: Vertically opposite angles and sum of angles in a triangle.
The sizes are: x = \text{108^\circ}, y = \text{30^\circ}, z = \text{42^\circ}.
4.3 Step 1: Identify the relationship between the angles. The angle and the angle are vertically opposite angles.
Step 2: Determine the value of . Vertically opposite angles are equal. Reason: Vertically opposite angles.
The unknown angle is .
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Another one kamogelo — let's solve it. 4.1 Step 1: Identify the relationship between the angles.
This mathematics problem involves applying core mathematical principles and formulas. Below you will find a complete step-by-step solution with detailed explanations for each step, helping you understand not just the answer but the method behind it.