The central nervous system (CNS) histology is characterized by the presence of neurons, glial cells, and the extracellular matrix. Neurons are the primary signaling cells, featuring a cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon. Glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, provide support, insulation, and immune defense. The CNS is organized into gray matter (containing neuronal cell bodies) and white matter (composed of myelinated axons). One clinical feature of CNS pathology is cognitive impairment, which can manifest as memory loss or difficulty in concentration due to various conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases or traumatic brain injury.