What is the intellectual effort that desires deep knowledge and thinking and is equipped with viewpoints regarding general life problems? (Translated from Arabic)

The question asks: "الجهد العقلي الذي يرغب في المعرفة والتفكير العميق والتزود بوجهات نظر فيما يتعلق بمشاكل الحياة بصفة عامة."
This translates to: "The intellectual effort that desires deep knowledge and thinking and is equipped with viewpoints regarding general life problems."

• أ) الصلابة الفكرية (Intellectual rigidity): This implies inflexibility in thinking, which contradicts the description.
• ب) القيم المطلقة (Absolute values): This refers to a type of value, not an intellectual effort or process.
• ج) التفكير النقدي (Critical thinking): This involves analyzing information, forming judgments, and developing viewpoints on various issues, which matches the description.
• د) التسليم الأعمى (Blind submission): This means accepting ideas without question, which is the opposite of deep thinking and forming viewpoints.

The description perfectly aligns with the definition of critical thinking.

The correct option is ج).

The statement provided is: "ربما يرتد الإلزام الخلقي عندهم إلى الطمع في الجزاء الطيب والخوف من العقاب الأليم."
This translates to: "It is possible that moral commitment stems from their greed for good reward and fear of severe punishment."
The question then asks: "طبق القولة السابقة على طبيعة القيم..."
This translates to: "Apply the previous statement to the nature of values..."

The statement suggests that moral commitment is driven by personal desires (greed for reward) and personal fears (fear of punishment). This indicates that the values are dependent on the individual's subjective experience and perception, rather than being universally true or independent of the individual.

• أ) الذاتية (Subjective): Values that depend on individual feelings, beliefs, or experiences. This matches the idea that moral commitment is based on personal greed and fear.
• ب) الموضوعية (Objective): Values that exist independently of individual minds or perceptions. This contradicts the statement.
• ج) المطلقة (Absolute): Values that are universally applicable and unchanging. This contradicts the statement.
• د) الثابتة (Fixed/Constant): Values that do not change. This is a characteristic of absolute/objective values, which the statement contradicts.

The statement describes values as being subjective, as they are tied to individual motivations of reward and punishment.

The correct option is أ).