Prepare cash receipts and cash payments journals. Newspapers have become a commonly used medium of advertisement. Explain five advantages of advertising a product in the daily newspapers to a producer. Discuss five sources of oligopoly power.

Gharama ya Bidhaa Zilizouzwa inapatikana kwa kuongeza akiba ya kufungua na manunuzi, kisha kutoa akiba ya kufunga.

$$\text{COGS} = \text{Akiba ya Kufungua} + \text{Manunuzi} - \text{Akiba ya Kufunga}$$ $$\text{COGS} = \text{Sh. } 15,000 + \text{Sh. } 40,000 - \text{Sh. } 5,000$$ $$\text{COGS} = \text{Sh. } 50,000$$

Kwa kuwa mark-up ni 25%, hii inamaanisha Faida Ghafi ni 25% ya Gharama ya Bidhaa Zilizouzwa.

$$\text{Faida Ghafi} = 25\% \times \text{COGS}$$ $$\text{Faida Ghafi} = 0.25 \times \text{Sh. } 50,000$$ $$\text{Faida Ghafi} = \text{Sh. } 12,500$$

Mauzo ni jumla ya Gharama ya Bidhaa Zilizouzwa na Faida Ghafi.

$$\text{Mauzo} = \text{COGS} + \text{Faida Ghafi}$$ $$\text{Mauzo} = \text{Sh. } 50,000 + \text{Sh. } 12,500$$ $$\text{(i) Mauzo} = \boxed{\text{Sh. } 62,500}$$

Gharama za Uendeshaji ni 40% ya Faida Ghafi.

$$\text{Gharama za Uendeshaji} = 40\% \times \text{Faida Ghafi}$$ $$\text{Gharama za Uendeshaji} = 0.40 \times \text{Sh. } 12,500$$ $$\text{Gharama za Uendeshaji} = \text{Sh. } 5,000$$

Faida Halisi inapatikana kwa kutoa Gharama za Uendeshaji kutoka Faida Ghafi.

$$\text{Faida Halisi} = \text{Faida Ghafi} - \text{Gharama za Uendeshaji}$$ $$\text{Faida Halisi} = \text{Sh. } 12,500 - \text{Sh. } 5,000$$ $$\text{(ii) Faida Halisi} = \boxed{\text{Sh. } 7,500}$$

Kwanza, kokotoa Akiba ya Wastani (Average Stock).

$$\text{Akiba ya Wastani} = \frac{\text{Akiba ya Kufungua} + \text{Akiba ya Kufunga}}{2}$$ $$\text{Akiba ya Wastani} = \frac{\text{Sh. } 15,000 + \text{Sh. } 5,000}{2}$$ $$\text{Akiba ya Wastani} = \frac{\text{Sh. } 20,000}{2}$$ $$\text{Akiba ya Wastani} = \text{Sh. } 10,000$$

Kisha, kokotoa Kiwango cha Mzunguko wa Akiba.

$$\text{Kiwango cha Mzunguko wa Akiba} = \frac{\text{COGS}}{\text{Akiba ya Wastani}}$$ $$\text{Kiwango cha Mzunguko wa Akiba} = \frac{\text{Sh. } 50,000}{\text{Sh. } 10,000}$$ $$\text{(iii) Kiwango cha Mzunguko wa Akiba} = \boxed{5 \text{ mara}}$$