Answer the following True or False statements regarding fetal heart development:

Here are the answers to the True or False statements:

1. The heart and blood vessels of the foetus stems from the endoderm.

   • False. The heart and blood vessels develop from the mesoderm.

2. The developing foetal heart presents with cephalic and caudal ends but is free at the midsection.

   • False. The developing heart tube has cephalic and caudal ends and undergoes complex looping and septation, it is not "free at the midsection."

3. Nurse Mary is aware that the inferior and superior vena cava and coronary sinus develop from the bulbus cordis.

   • False. The bulbus cordis contributes to the outflow tracts of the ventricles. The vena cavae develop from cardinal veins, and the coronary sinus from the left horn of the sinus venosus.

4. The truncus arteriosus develops into the patent ductus arteriosus.

   • False. The truncus arteriosus divides to form the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery. The ductus arteriosus is a separate fetal vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

5. The atrial septum is formed by the growth of both the septum primum and septum secundum.

   • True. The atrial septum forms from the septum primum and septum secundum.

6. The ductus venosus shuts in to the superior vena cava.

   • False. The ductus venosus shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.

7. In foetal circulation, the purpose of the circulatory bypasses is to increase blood flow to the heart chambers.

   • False. The purpose of fetal circulatory bypasses (ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus) is to bypass the non-functional fetal lungs and liver and direct oxygenated blood to vital organs like the brain and heart.

8. During foetal circulation the lungs is active.

   • False. The fetal lungs are not active in gas exchange; they are filled with fluid, and gas exchange occurs via the placenta.

9. The heart is inactive in foetal circulation.

   • False. The fetal heart is very active, pumping blood throughout the fetal body and to the placenta.

10. The Atrial septal defect presenting with opening near center of septum Sinus Ostium primum defect.

    • False. An ostium primum defect is a type of atrial septal defect located in the lower part of the atrial septum, near the atrioventricular valves, not typically described as "near the center of the septum sinus."

11. Noisy, crowing respiratory sounds is termed aphonia.

    • False. Aphonia is the inability to produce voice. Noisy, crowing respiratory sounds (like stridor) indicate upper airway obstruction.

12. The nurse managing a Two-year-old with club foot at the pediatric orthopedic ward knows that, Clubfoot primarily affects three bones: the calcaneus, talus and navicular.

    • True. The calcaneus, talus, and navicular bones are centrally involved in the characteristic deformities of clubfoot (talipes equinovarus).

13. Hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis in children Diagnosed with pyloric stenosis is as a result of loss of potassium ions.

    • False. Pyloric stenosis causes hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (due to loss of gastric acid) and hypokalemia (loss of potassium).

14. A child diagnosed with pyloric stenosis presents with Visible peristalsis, proceeding from the Right upper quadrant toward the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

    • False. Visible peristalsis in pyloric stenosis typically proceeds from left to right across the epigastrium.

15. The nurse reports that attempt to pass a rectal thermometer on a neonate is met with resistance, thus this is may be indicative of anal atresia.

    • True. Resistance to passing a rectal thermometer can be a sign of anal atresia (imperforate anus).

16. Diameter for Major Exomphalus is greater than 5cm.

    • True. A major exomphalos (omphalocele) typically involves a large defect, often greater than 5 cm.

17. Epispadias commonly occurs at the abdominal-penile junction.

    • False. Epispadias is a congenital malformation where the urethra opens on the dorsal (upper) surface of the penis, not specifically at the abdominal-penile junction.

18. Complex syndactyly includes various degrees of osseous fusion.

    • True. Complex syndactyly involves the fusion of bones (osseous fusion) or other complex structures, in addition to skin.

19. Oligosyndactyly is fusion of digits on a hand with excess of five possible digits.

    • False. Oligosyndactyly refers to having fewer than the normal number of digits (oligodactyly) combined with fusion (syndactyly). "Excess of five possible digits" describes polydactyly.

20. Necator americanus, Anelyostoma duodenale. Anelyostoma ceylanicum are causal agents of strongyloidiasis.

    • False. Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale are human hookworms. Strongyloidiasis is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis.