This biology question covers important biological concepts and processes. The step-by-step explanation below helps you understand the underlying mechanisms and reasoning.
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Here are the answers to the questions. Fill the table below | SURFACE SPECIALISATION ON EPITHELIA | EXAMPLE AND LOCATION | FUNCTION | | :---------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Cilia | Trachea, fallopian tubes | Propel substances (e.g., mucus, ova) along the epithelial surface | | Microvilli | Small intestine, kidney tubules | Increase surface area for absorption and secretion | | Keratin | Epidermis of skin | Provide protection against abrasion, water loss, and pathogens | | Stereocilia | Epididymis, inner ear (hair cells) | Increase surface area for absorption (epididymis); mechanoreception (ear) | Classify glands using the following criteria and give examples and locations. 1. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A DUCT SYSTEM a. Duct system present: Exocrine glands Examples:* Salivary glands (mouth), Sweat glands (skin), Pancreas (digestive enzymes) b. Duct system absent: Endocrine glands Examples:* Thyroid gland (neck), Adrenal glands (above kidneys), Pituitary gland (brain) 2. SHAPE OF SECRETORY END PIECE AND STRUCTURE OF DUCT SYSTEM a. Simple Tubular: Straight tube-like secretory portion, unbranched duct. Example:* Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) b. Simple Branched Tubular: Branched secretory portion, unbranched duct. Example:* Gastric glands c. Simple Alveolar (Acinar): Sac-like secretory portion, unbranched duct. Example:* Sebaceous glands d. Compound Tubular: Branched duct, tubular secretory portion. Example:* Duodenal glands (Brunner's glands) e. Compound Alveolar (Acinar): Branched duct, sac-like secretory portion. Example:* Mammary glands f. Compound Tubuloalveolar (Tubuloacinar): Branched duct, both tubular and sac-like secretory portions. Example:* Salivary glands (submandibular, sublingual) 3. MODE OF SECRETION a. Merocrine secretion: Secretory products are released by exocytosis, with no loss of cellular material. Examples:* Salivary glands, most sweat glands, pancreatic acinar cells. b. Apocrine secretion: Secretory products accumulate at the apical surface, which then pinches off, releasing the product along with a small amount of cytoplasm. Examples:* Mammary glands (lipid secretion), some sweat glands (axillary, anogenital). c. Holocrine secretion: The entire secretory cell ruptures and becomes part of the secretion. The lost cells are replaced by mitotic division of basal cells. Examples:* Sebaceous glands of the skin. 4. CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SECRETION a. Serous secretion: Watery fluid rich in enzymes or other proteins. Examples:* Parotid salivary gland, pancreatic enzymes. b. Mucous secretion: Viscous, glycoprotein-rich fluid (mucus) that lubricates and protects surfaces. Examples:* Goblet cells in the respiratory and digestive tracts, sublingual salivary gland. c. Mixed (Seromucous) secretion: Contains both serous and mucous components. Examples:* Submandibular salivary gland. That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.